生鲜电商大战背后看不见的硝烟

    一切似乎如此简单：在网上点击“提交订单”的按钮，一棵莴笋、一打鸡蛋或是一加仑牛奶就会在24小时内送货上门了。在这样的场景背后，蓬勃发展的在线食品快递市场的工作令人惊讶地细致，保证了易于腐坏的食品能足够及时地从生产商送到顾客手中，以免让快递的物品变质。

    投资者们为Good Eggs、Relay Foods、Farmigo这类初创公司投入了数以百万的资金，而随着食品速递的需求日益增长，沃尔玛（Wal-Mart）和亚马逊（Amazon）也加入了这场竞争。然而市场调研公司IDC Retail Insights的主任莱斯利•韩德表示，实际上，在食品速递行业实现盈利和物流管理非常困难。与联合包裹服务（UPS）运送图书或耐用品不同，生鲜食品快递需要选择最短的线路、进行周密的计划、采用先进的技术，还要与时间赛跑。

    位于伊利诺伊州斯托克市的在线零售商Peapod为美国东海岸和中西部的24个市场提供次日送达服务，公司首席运营官迈克•布伦南说：“幕后的我们在拼命冲刺。每天都争分夺秒。跑得越快，货物就越新鲜。”

    最大的挑战莫过于温度。食品袋中的货物通常需要在不同的温度下才能保持新鲜。低温下，香蕉会变成棕色，冷冻食品则必须确保不会融化。同样，如果递送过程耗时太长，牛奶也有变质的风险。

    沃尔玛正在圣何塞和丹佛试着开展在线食品速递。他们使用特制的Wal-Mart To Go卡车，把当地大型超市的食品直接递送到顾客手中。卡车分为三块独立空间：其中一部分专门存放冷冻食品；另一部分是冷藏区，用于放置生鲜农产品、肉类和乳制品；剩下一部分装耐用品。如果这家零售业巨头在全国范围内开展在线速递，意味着它拥有独一无二的优势：沃尔玛在美国有4000家门店，美国有三分之二人口可以在五英里之内就能找到其中一家。

    Peapod.com投资建设了高科技仓库。仓库内部共有八个气候区，分别设置了特定的温度和适度，让产品能够更慢地成熟，更久地保持新鲜。草莓、葡萄和瓜类植物被放在一起；西红柿储存在更温暖的温度下；香蕉与面包待在一块；而胡椒和四季豆则必须放置在华氏45度（约摄氏7度）的房间内。员工们会根据订单把货物装袋，放入防压的容器，再装进温控提包里。

    第二个任务是物流。配送路线上必须有着足够的顾客，这样才能节约汽油成本、递送时间和行车费用。即便卡车要花上4个小时给25个家庭送货，也必须保证食物的新鲜。

    位于纽约皇后区的FreshDirect每填都有2,500名员工在辛勤劳作，确保当地的新鲜食品能够送达纽约州、新泽西州、康涅狄格州、宾夕法尼亚州和特拉华州。员工们会根据实时仪表板来监控货物是否按时送达；利用实地扫描装置来跟踪快递过程中发生的一切情况；还会定制地图软件的模式，从而应对交通、天气、道路封闭等状况，指引数百辆卡车的行进路线。FreshDirect共同创始人大卫•麦金纳尼说：“我们对快速地将新鲜食品递送到客户手中充满了狂热。”

    It all seems so simple: Hit the "place order" button online and get a head of lettuce, a dozen eggs, or a gallon of milk delivered to your doorstep within 24 hours. But behind the scenes, the burgeoning market of online grocery delivery involves a surprisingly delicate dance to ensure that perishable food gets from producer to consumer in just enough time to avoid (quite literally) a spoiled delivery.

    With demand on the rise, giants such as Wal-Mart (WMT) and Amazon (AMZN) are jumping into the fray as investors bet millions on a crop of startups with names like Good Eggs, Relay Foods, and Farmigo. Yet actually turning a profit and managing the logistics of food delivery is tricky, says Leslie Hand, a director at IDC Retail Insights, a market research firm. Unlike shipping books or durable products via UPS, fresh food delivery requires specific short routing, planning, technology, and a race against the clock.

    "We're sprinting hard behind the scenes," says Mike Brennan, chief operating officer of Peapod, an online grocer in Stokie, Ill. that offers next-day deliveries in 24 East Coast and Midwest markets. "It's a race every day. The faster you go, the fresher it is."

    Challenge No. 1 is temperature. A mixed bag of groceries usually includes food that needs different temperatures to stay fresh. Bananas turn brown when they're cold, yet frozen food mustn't melt. Similarly, milk can risk spoiling if a trek to a customer's home takes too long.

    Wal-Mart, which is testing online food delivery in San Jose and Denver, ships food directly from local superstores to customers using special Wal-Mart To Go trucks. They have three separate sections: one area for frozen food; one refrigerated area for fresh produce, meat, and dairy; and a third area for durable goods. If the retail giant pursues online deliveries nationwide, it has a unique advantage: Its 4,000 stores are located within five miles of two-thirds of the nation's population.

    Peapod.com invested in high-tech warehouses with eight separate climate zones set to specific temperatures and humidity levels so that produce ripens more slowly and stays fresh longer. Strawberries, grapes, and melons go together; tomatoes hang in warmer temperatures; bananas sit with bread; and peppers and green beans get their own 45-degree room. Workers pack orders in bags, crush-proof containers, and in temperature-controlled totes.

    Task No. 2 is logistics. Delivery routes must include enough customers to ensure a delivery is worth the cost of gas, driver time, and vehicle costs. Food must stay fresh even when a truck takes four hours to stop at 25 homes.

    FreshDirect, based in Queens, has 2,500 employees working each day to ensure that fresh local food gets to customers in New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. Workers rely on real-time dashboards to monitor on-time deliveries; in-field scanning devices to track every event along the delivery; and customized mapping software models to handle traffic patterns, weather, and street closures to guide hundreds of trucks on the road. "We're maniacal about getting fresh food through to customers fast," says FreshDirect cofounder David McInerney.