全球最赚钱的5大“邪恶产业”

人类的恶习却能带来巨大的商机。

邪恶的经济从来都是争议的焦点。不论是关于大麻合法化的斗争，扩展博彩业还是每日幻想体育网站，对于某些公司来说，要做的不只是满足客户需求，更多的是要与客户作斗争。

违禁产品经销商，如枪支生产商等，一直是美国总统竞选政策辩论的焦点。最近，希拉里•克林顿和伯尼•桑德斯就美国国会是否应该通过立法，要求轻型武器制造商对使用其武器实施的犯罪行为负责，展开了激烈争论。

但关注美国控枪争论的读者对下面的事实或许会感到意外：相比其他行业，按照美元计算，枪支经销商的收入不值一提。该行业的年收入仅有约160亿美元，远低于其他全世界规模最大的邪恶行业的销售总额。下面是前五大邪恶行业。

Bad habits offer massive sales opportunities.

The vice economy never strays far from controversy.Whether it be battles over cannabis legalization, the spread of casinos, or daily fantasy sports websites, certain businesses have to contend with more than just satisfying their customers.

Dealers in taboo products, like gun manufacturers, have even been the subject of recent presidential policy debates. Hillary Clinton and Bernie Sanders recently sparred over whether Congress should pass a law holding small arms manufacturers liable for crimes committed with their weapons.

Those who pay close attention to the debate over gun control in America, however, might be surprised to learn that in dollar terms, gun dealers are fairly low caliber. Revenue is just around $16 billion annually, far less than the sales totals of many of the world’s largest vice industries. Here are the top five.

1、酒业

很少有商品能像酒这样受到人们的普遍喜爱。

世界卫生组织估计，全球每年人均饮酒量约为6.2升，相当于每天13.5克纯酒精。不幸的是，人们对这款商品的需求强烈，但它对健康有着严重的危害：世界卫生组织估算，全球每年因饮酒导致的死亡人数占到总死亡人数的6.6%，或330万人。

但不论政府干预，还是饮酒的健康危害，都无法阻止世界各地的人们把辛辛苦苦赚来的钱花在酒吧里。据市场调查机构P&S Market Research统计，2014年，全球酒类销售额达到1.2万亿美元，未来五年，预计将以超过3%的速度递增。

1、Alcohol

There are few products as universally beloved as alcohol.

The World Health Organization estimates that global consumption of alcohol comes in at roughly 6.2 liters per person per year, or 13.5 grams of pure alcohol per day. Unfortunately, demand for the product is as strong as it is detrimental to health: The WHO estimates that alcohol is the cause of 6.6% of global deaths each year, or 3.3 million people.

But neither government intervention nor the health implications of alcohol consumption stop people around the globe from spending their hard-earned dollars at the bar. According to P&S Market Research, total global sales of alcohol reached roughly $1.2 trillion in 2014, and it's expected to grow faster than 3% per year for the next five years.

2、烟草行业

在过去一代，公众对于吸烟带来的健康危害的认识日益提高，政府也开始认真起来，通过立法控制吸烟或提高吸烟的成本，因此，烟草行业已经失去了曾经强大的力量。

然而，美国国内香烟销量下降和烟草产量降低等趋势，会使人们对于全球烟草行业的盈利能力产生误解。据市场研究公司IBISWorld统计，2014年，全球烟草行业销售额达到5280亿美元，过去五年该行业的收入一直以平均每年1.6%的速度增长。

2、Tobacco

The tobacco industry has lost considerable power over the past generation, as the health risks associated with smoking have been widely acknowledged and governments have gotten serious about passing laws that either restrict the habit or make it more expensive.

But trends like falling cigarette sales and lower tobacco production here at home belie how profitable the industry remains on a global scale. According to market research firm IBISWorld, the global tobacco industry had sales of $528 billion in 2014, while revenue growth had increased on average by 1.6% per year in the five years prior.

3、军工联合企业

虽然针对普通市民的手枪和其他枪支制造业的规模相对较小，但出售军事级武器和服务则要另当别论。

美国洛克希德•马丁公司和英国航空航天系统公司等企业，每年通过为全世界最强大的军队装备先进武器，获得巨额收入。据斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所统计，全世界前100家军火与服务经销商，每年的销售额总计超过4000亿美元。

3、The Military Industrial Complex

While the manufacture of handguns and other firearms for average citizens is a relatively small business, selling military-grade weaponry and services is another matter.

Companies like Lockheed Martin in the United States or BAE in the United Kingdom bring in huge revenues each year equipping the world's most powerful militaries with advanced weaponry. According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, the world's top 100 military arms and services dealers post collective sales of more than $400 billion annually.

4、毒品

2015年，墨西哥最臭名昭著的大毒枭、绰号“矮子”的乔奎因•古兹曼，通过一条从监狱淋浴室通往附近住宅社区的近一英里长的隧道成功越狱，这件事再次让全世界见识了大毒枭们所拥有的权势和财富。

从墨西哥到有利可图的美国市场，这一毒品供货渠道由古兹曼一手控制。据福布斯预测，其资产净值超过10亿美元，所以，他有能力实施必要的贿赂，招揽人手，完成上面的“壮举”，也就不难理解。

但全世界还有许多像古兹曼一样的人，靠贩毒积累了巨额财富。据联合国估计，毒品交易的年均总收入约为3200亿美元。

4、Illicit Drugs

The world was reminded of the immense power and wealth of global illicit drug barons when Mexico's most famous drug lord, Joaquin "El Chapo" Guzman, staged a daring escape from prison last year using a nearly mile-long tunnel that stretched from the jail's shower to a nearby residential neighborhood.

Guzman, who dominates the flow of drugs from Mexico into the lucrative American market, was estimated to have a net worth of more than $1 billion by Forbes, making it easy to understand how he can afford the necessary bribes and manpower to pull off such a feat.

But Guzman is just one of many people around the globe who have made fortunes selling drugs. The United Nations estimates that total revenue for the illicit drug trade is around $320 billion per year.

5、赌博

以前，全美仅内华达州规定赌博是合法的，但如今，随着各州政府对财政收入无休止的追求，这一情况已经改变。从宾夕法尼亚州到华盛顿州，都开始欢迎赌场和相关的税收，因此博彩业开始了爆炸式地增长。

而且不止在美国，其他地区的博彩业也一片繁荣。据IBISWorld统计，过去五年，博彩业一直以每年2%的速度增长，2016年，全球博彩和赌场收入将达到2,780亿美元。与此同时，“全球赌场和网络博彩业的中心，已经从美国，特别是洛杉矶和亚特兰大城，转移到中国澳门。”(财富中文网)

译者: 刘进龙/汪皓

5、Gambling

Legal gambling in America was once unheard of outside Nevada, but state governments' endless search for revenue has put an end to that. As state authorities from Pennsylvania to Washington have begun to welcome casinos and the associated taxes, the gaming industry has exploded.

But it's not just in the United States where the gambling industry is thriving. According to IBISWorld, global gaming and casino revenue will top $278 billion in 2016, after growing by 2% per year over the past five years. Meanwhile, "the center of the Global Casinos and Online Gambling industry has shifted from the United States, specifically Las Vegas and Atlantic City, to China (i.e. Macau)."