不用干活白拿钱？这样的好事自古就有

“基本收入保障”这个概念目前正在硅谷流行，特斯拉的埃隆·穆斯克和Facebook的马克·扎克伯格等人都在考虑，向所有人发放最低生活收入，包括有工作的和没有工作的，以延缓自动化的冲击。《财富》杂志上个月曾报道，风投人士山姆·阿尔特曼及其创业孵化器Y Combinator目前正在加州奥克兰检验这个想法，他的试点项目最多包括100个家庭。

但这个理念并不新鲜。实际上，几个世纪以来，它在经济转型期间曾反复出现，并在思想领域赢得了广泛支持。以下我们将介绍历史上支持过这个想法的思想家和决策者。

托马斯·摩尔

这位英国律师兼政治家是亨利八世的顾问，而当时的社会、宗教和经济正在经历巨变。在他的小说《乌托邦》（1516年）中，摩尔倡议通过基本收入的方式来分享公共土地私有化创造的财富。这部用拉丁文写就的小说衍生出了“乌托邦”（理想）社会小说这个有几百年历史的文学类型。

托马斯·潘恩

在18世纪90年代发型的小册子《土地正义论》中，这位美国奠基人提出了“公民红利”——一笔向美国所有公民发放的资金，来源则是土地所有者缴纳的税款。潘恩的许多想法在当时看来都很激进。确实，撰写这本小册子时，潘恩正在为法国大革命的领导者提供建议。但如今的许多历史学家都把《土地正义论》视为社会保险项目的思想源泉之一。

米尔顿·弗里德曼

The concept of "universal basic income" is gaining currency right now in Silicon Valley, where thinkers from Tesla's Elon Musk to Facebook's Mark Zuckerberg are considering the idea of blunting the impact of automation by driving each person—working or not—with a minimum income for life. As Fortune reports this month, venture investor Sam Altman and his startup incubator firm, Y Combinator, are currently testing the idea with a pilot project involving up to 100 families in Oakland, Calif.

But the idea is hardly new: In fact, it has resurfaced repeatedly over the centuries at times of economic transformation, winning allies across the ideological spectrum. Here are some of the thinkers and policymakers who have backed it over the years.

Thomas More

The English lawyer and statesman served as a counselor to Henry VIII at a time of tremendous social, religious and economic upheaval. In his novel Utopia (1516), More advocated using basic income to share the wealth that was generated as public lands passed to private ownership. The novel, originally written in Latin, helped spawn a centuries-old genre of literature about "utopian" (ideal) societies.

Thomas Paine

In the 1790s pamphlet Agrarian Justice, the American Founding Father called for a “citizen’s dividend”—a payment made to all U.S. citizens, paid for by a tax on landowners. Many of Paine's ideas were considered radical for their time; indeed, when he wrote the pamphlet, he was advising leaders in revolutionary France. But many historians now see Agrarian Justice as one of the intellectual foundations of the Social Security entitlement program.

Milton Friedman

这位自由经济学派大师成名于20世纪80年代，当时他是美国总统罗纳德·里根和英国首相玛格丽特·撒切尔的知名顾问。但弗里德曼早在1962年就已经为基本收入背书，而且认为这样做的效率会超过福利部门出手解决低收入家庭的问题。和所谓偏保守的芝加哥经济学派相关的其他思想家，包括弗里德里希·哈耶克，也支持这种想法，只是在他们为其提供建议的民选官员中，很少有人接受这个观点。

马丁·路德·金

在作为民权活动家的岁月里，金渐渐发现经济平等和种族平等从根本上相互缠绕在一起。他开始敦促美国联邦政府为帮助人们摆脱贫困付出远超以往的努力。在他最后一本著作《Where Do We Go From Here?》（1967年）中，金呼吁把基本收入和“社会平均收入水平挂钩”。

理查德·尼克松

1968-1971年，这位共和党总统领导的政府在美国几个州进行了全民基本收入试验，其中的一个发现是它对职业道德没有负面影响。尼克松委派进行这些试验的两名官员后来在小布什当政时身居要职——在尼克松政府中担任经济机遇办公室主任的唐纳德·拉姆斯菲尔德成为布什的国防部长；拉姆斯菲尔德的特别助理迪克·切尼则成了布什的副总统。

皮埃尔·特鲁多

20世纪70年代中期，这位加拿大总理推行的“最低收入”项目一直是发达经济体实施的最大全民基本收入项目之一。它覆盖了数千个家庭，主要是在曼尼托巴省。皮埃尔的儿子贾斯廷·特鲁多是加拿大现任总理，全面基本收入观念也在加拿大延续了下来——今年夏天安大略省将就此展开试点。（财富中文网）

译者：Charlie

The champion of free markets became famous in the 1980s as a prominent adviser to President Ronald Reagan and U.K. Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. But as far back as 1962, Friedman had endorsed basic income, arguing that it would be more efficient than the welfare bureaucracy at alleviating the problems of low-income households. Other thinkers associated with the so-called Chicago school of conservative-leaning economics, including Friedrich Hayek, also endorsed the idea, though it has seldom been embraced by the elected officials they've advised.

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

Over his years as a civil-rights activist, King came to see economic equality and racial equality as fundamentally intertwined, and he began urging the federal government to do far more to lift people out of poverty. In his final book, Where Do We Go From Here? (1967), King called for a basic income “pegged to the median of society.”

Richard Nixon

The Republican President's administration ran UBI experiments in several states from 1968 to 1971, finding, among other things, that it had no negative effect on work ethic. Two of the people Nixon tasked with conducting the experiments rose to prominent roles in the administration of George W. Bush: Donald Rumsfeld, director of the Office of Economic Opportunity, who became defense secretary under Bush; and Rumsfeld's special assistant, Dick Cheney, who served as Bush's Vice President.

Pierre Trudeau

The Canadian leader’s mid-1970s “Mincome” project remains among the largest UBI programs ever pursued in an advanced economy, reaching several thousand households, primarily in the province of Manitoba. Trudeau's son, Justin, is now Canada's prime minister, and the UBI idea lives on in the country, with a trial program due to launch in Ontario this summer.