起底美国贸易逆差,特朗普最在意的是什么
最近,美国总统唐纳德·特朗普特别在意本国的贸易逆差。他在社交聊天网站Twitter上不断发表和贸易逆差有关的帖子,上周还突然宣布将对进口钢铁和铝分别征收25%和10%的关税。 很多共和党人表示不满,担心中国和欧盟可能报复美国,发动贸易战。特朗普的征税计划可能也扰乱美国跟加拿大和墨西哥正在谈判的《北美自由贸易协定》(NAFTA)。 在特朗普公布上述决定后,白宫国家经济委员会主任加里·科恩劝说无果因而宣布辞职。 的确,每年美国在国际贸易中都存在大量逆差。美国商务部下属人口调查局数据显示,2017年美国的货物与服务贸易逆差为5680亿美元,季节性调整后,全年美国出口的货物与服务总值为2.3万亿美元,进口总值为2.9万亿美元。 美国商务部数据还显示,2018年1月美国贸易逆差触及十年来单月最高水平,达566亿美元。 以下是美国贸易的基本情况,美国主要贸易伙伴、分别进口和出口商品,以及哪些国家对美国的贸易顺差最大。 美国主要贸易伙伴如下: 美国人口调查局按月追踪美国的进出口数据。以下是美国2017年的主要贸易伙伴,以下按双边货物贸易规模排序: 1、中国——6360亿美元 2、加拿大——5824亿美元 3、墨西哥——5570亿美元 4、日本——2042亿美元 5、德国——1712亿美元 6、韩国——1194亿美元 7、英国——1094亿美元 8、法国——825亿美元 9、印度——743亿美元 10、意大利——683亿美元 11、中国台湾——682亿美元 12、巴西——665亿美元 13、荷兰——600亿美元 14、爱尔兰——596亿美元 15、瑞士——577亿美元 以上贸易规模只计入跨境的货物贸易数据,不包括旅游和金融等服务业的贸易数据。2017年,美国与中国的货物与服务贸易总值约为7110亿美元,美国与加拿大货物与服务贸易总值为6810亿美元。 如果将欧盟视为整体,那么到目前为止,欧盟应该是美国最大的贸易伙伴。美国贸易代表办公室数据显示,2016年欧盟与美国的货物与服务贸易总值超过1.1万亿美元。 2015年,中国超越加拿大,成为美国最大的单一贸易伙伴。据美国贸易代表办公室统计,2016年美国出口中国最多的产品是“多种谷物、种子、水果(如大豆)”(出口额150亿美元)、飞机(出口额150亿美元)、电气设备(出口额120亿美元)、机械(出口额110亿美元)和汽车(出口额110亿美元)。同年美国从中国进口最多的产品是电气设备(进口额1290亿美元)、机械(进口额970亿美元)、家具与床品(进口额290亿美元)、玩具与运动器材(进口额240亿美元)和鞋履(进口额150亿美元)。 美国对以下国家的贸易逆差最大: 根据美国人口调查局2017年数据,美国与以下国家的贸易逆差最大(即这些国家向美国出口产品总值超过了从美国进口总值)。数据仅限于货物贸易: 1、中国——3752亿美元 2、墨西哥——711亿美元 3、日本——688亿美元 4、德国——643亿美元 5、越南——383亿美元 6、爱尔兰——381亿美元 7、意大利——316亿美元 8、马来西亚——246亿美元 9、印度——229亿美元 10、韩国——229亿美元 这就难怪特朗普讲话和在Twitter发文时重点都是中国。上周三他在Twitter发帖称:“已经要求中国制定计划,将年度巨额贸易逆差削减10亿美元。我们之前和中国的关系非常好,期待他们提出的建议。我们必须迅速行动!” 但双边贸易严重失衡的何止中国,一些美国重要的贸易伙伴和盟友与美国的贸易都很不平衡,最为突出的包括墨西哥、日本、德国、爱尔兰、意大利以及韩国。 不过,同美国贸易逆差最大的国家中有一些也是美国主要出口对象。进口美国产品最多的国家之中,墨西哥、中国和日本分列第二、第三和第四。 美国与以下贸易伙伴的顺差最大: 美国对以下贸易伙伴的顺差最大,相关数据来自美国人口调查局,仅限于2017年货物贸易。 1、中国香港——325亿美元 2、荷兰——245亿美元 3、阿联酋——157亿美元 4、比利时——148亿美元 5、澳大利亚——146亿美元 6、新加坡——104亿美元 7、巴西——76亿美元 8、巴拿马——60亿美元 9、阿根廷——47亿美元 10、英国——33亿美元 美国出口最多的商品: 美国人口调查局数据显示,按类别分,2017年美国出口最多的商品包括: 1、生产工具(如电脑、电子产品和办公设备)——5330亿美元 2、工业耗材(包括石油、化工产品和石油制品)——4630亿美元 3、消费类产品(如汽车、服装、家具、玩具)——1980亿美元 美国传媒公司WorldCity分析美国人口调查局数据之后,在《福布斯》杂志发布的分析结果显示,2017年美国出口最多的产品是飞机、汽油、机动车、汽车配件、电脑芯片、“低价值产品”、手机、医疗器械、电脑和石油。 这和美国有线电视网(CNN)金融栏目发布的2017年美国出口最多产品部分重合。CNN金融栏目根据美国商务部数据统计得出,出口最多的产品是:食品、饮品与饲料(出口额1330亿美元)、原油、燃油和其他石油产品(出口额1090亿美元)、民用飞机、飞机发动机(出口额990亿美元)、汽车零部件、发动机和轮胎(出口额860亿美元)、工业机械(出口额570亿美元)、汽车(出口额530亿美元)和药品(出口额510亿美元)。 CNN金融栏目称,美国出口最多的服务类产品有:交通运输、旅游(出口额2360亿美元)、保险、金融(出口额760亿美元)、知识产权(出口额490亿美元)。 麻省理工学院(MIT)媒体实验室的经济复杂性观测站利用一套非常先进的工具,对2016年美国出口情况做了以下分析。 美国进口最多的是这些产品: 根据美国人口调查局数据,按类别分,2017年美国进口最多的商品分别为: 1、生产工具(如电脑、电子产品和办公设备)——6400亿美元 2、消费类产品(如汽车、服装、家具、玩具)——6020亿美元 3、工业耗材(包括石油、化工产品和石油制品)——5070亿美元 同样发布在《福布斯》的WorldCity分析认为,美国进口最多的产品有:汽车、石油、手机、电脑、“出口货物回销”、药品、汽油、电脑芯片和商用车。 MIT媒体实验室的经济复杂性观测站对2016年美国进口情况有详细分析。(财富中文网) 译者: Pessy 审稿:夏林
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The U.S. trade deficit has been front of mind for President Donald Trump lately. He keeps tweeting about it. And last week, he suddenly announced he plans to impose a 25% tariff on steel imports and a 10% tariff on aluminum. Many Republicans were not happy, fearing retaliation from China and the European Union could spark a trade war. The announcement also could also upset ongoing negotiations over the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). In the wake of Trump’s decision, Gary Cohn, head of the National Economic Council, resigned from his White House job after failing to convince the President not to impose tariffs. It’s true that the U.S. runs a large trade deficit every year. In 2017, the U.S. trade deficit for goods and services was $568 billion, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. That is, the U.S. exported $2.3 trillion and imported $2.9 trillion worth of goods and services, according to seasonally adjusted figures. In January of 2018, the U.S. trade deficit reached its highest monthly level in a decade — $56.6 billion — according to Commerce Department data. Here’s a primer on the basics of U.S. trade – who America trades with, what products the U.S. imports and exports, and which countries the U.S. has the biggest trade deficits with: These are the top U.S. trading partners The U.S. Census Bureau tracks U.S. imports and exports on a month-to-month basis. These are America’s top trading partners for 2017, ranked by total exchange of goods: 1. China – $636 billion 2. Canada – $582.4 billion 3. Mexico – $557 billion 4. Japan – $204.2 billion 5. Germany – $171.2 billion 6. South Korea – $119.4 billion 7. United Kingdom – $109.4 billion 8. France – $82.5 billion 9. India – $74.3 billion 10. Italy – $68.3 billion 11. Taiwan – $68.2 billion 12. Brazil – $66.5 billion 13. Netherlands – $60 billion 14. Ireland – $59.6 billion 15. Switzerland – $57.7 billion These figures only count goods – products – that cross international boundaries. They do not include the exchange of services, like tourism and financial services. Total trade with China in goods and services was about $711 billion in 2017; it totaled $681 billion with Canada. Additionally, the European Union, if taken as a whole, would be America’s biggest trading partner – by far. Total trade in goods and services with the EU topped more than $1.1 trillion in 2016, according to the U.S. Trade Representative. In 2015, China surpassed Canada as the United States’ top trading partner. According to the U.S. Trade Representative, the top U.S. exports to China in 2016 were “miscellaneous grain, seeds, fruit (i.e., soybeans) ($15 billion), aircraft ($15 billion), electrical machinery ($12 billion), machinery ($11 billion) and vehicles ($11 billion).” The top imports from China in 2016 were, “electrical machinery ($129 billion), machinery ($97 billion), furniture and bedding ($29 billion), toys and sports equipment ($24 billion) and footwear ($15 billion).” The U.S. has the biggest trade deficits with these countries Here are the U.S. Census Bureau’s 2017 figures for the countries that the U.S. has the biggest trade deficits with (countries that export more to the U.S. than the U.S. exports to them). These figures include goods only. 1. China – $375.2 billion 2. Mexico – $71.1 billion 3. Japan – $68.8 billion 4. Germany – $64.3 billion 5. Vietnam – $38.3 billion 6. Ireland – $38.1 billion 7. Italy – $31.6 billion 8. Malaysia – $24.6 billion 9. India – $22.9 billion 10. South Korea – $22.9 billion It’s no wonder that the president’s focus has been on China in his speeches and tweets. On Wednesday, he tweeted, “China has been asked to develop a plan for the year of a One Billion Dollar reduction in their massive Trade Deficit with the United States. Our relationship with China has been a very good one, and we look forward to seeing what ideas they come back with. We must act soon!” But it’s not just China that has a large trade imbalance with the U.S. Key allies and partners, including Mexico, Japan, Germany, Ireland, Italy and South Korea all top the list of countries with whom the U.S. has the biggest trade deficit. The top countries on this list also include some of America’s biggest export partners – Mexico, China and Japan are Nos. 2, 3, 4 on the list of countries that buy the most American products. The U.S. has the biggest trade surpluses with these countries Here are the countries with whom the U.S. has the biggest trade surplus. The figures, from the U.S. Census Bureau, include only trade in goods for 2017. 1. Hong Kong – $32.5 billion 2. Netherlands – $24.5 billion 3. United Arab Emirates – $15.7 billion 4. Belgium – $14.8 billion 5. Australia – $14.6 billion 6. Singapore – $10.4 billion 7. Brazil – $7.6 billion 8. Panama – $6 billion 9. Argentina – $4.7 billion 10. United Kingdom – $3.3 billion The United States’ biggest exports The U.S. Census Bureau reports that the top exports for the U.S. (by category) in 2017 were: 1. Capital Goods (i.e. computers, electronics, office machines) – $533 billion 2. Industrial Supplies (including oil, chemicals, and petroleum products) – $463 billion 3. Consumer Goods (i.e. automobiles, clothing, furniture, toys) – $198 billion An analysis of U.S. Census Bureau data done by WorldCity and published on Forbes shows the top 2017 exports as: aircraft, gasoline, motor vehicles, auto parts, computer chips, “low-value shipments,” cell phones, medical instruments, computers, and petroleum. This partially overlaps with CNN Money’s list of the U.S. top exports in 2017, which it took from the U.S. Commerce Department: Food, beverages, feed ($133 billion), crude oil, fuel, other petroleum products ($109 billion), civilian aircraft, aircraft engines ($99 billion), auto parts, engines, car tires ($86 billion), industrial machines ($57 billion), automobiles ($53 billion), pharmaceuticals ($51 billion). According to CNN Money, the top services exported include: transportation, travel ($236 billion), insurance, finance ($76 billion), intellectual property ($49 billion). The MIT Media Lab’s Observatory of Economic Complexity has a fascinating tool to explore U.S. exports for 2016: The United States’ biggest imports The U.S. Census Bureau reports that the top imports for the U.S. (by category) in 2017 were: 1. Capital Goods (i.e. computers, electronics, office machines) – $640 billion 2. Consumer Goods (i.e. automobiles, clothing, furniture, toys) – $602 billion 3. Industrial Supplies (i.e. oil, chemicals, and petroleum products) – $507 billion The top goods imported by the U.S., according to a similar WorldCity analysis published on Forbes were: automobiles, oil, cellphones, computers, “exports returned without change,” pharmaceuticals, gasoline, computer chips and commercial vehicles. MIT’s Observatory of Economic Complexity, again, lets you dig into 2016 imports. |