特朗普公布2020年财政预算案，你需要知道这些

本周一，美国总统特朗普向国会递交了他的“建设更好的美国”2020财年预算案。

根据特朗普的方案，2020财年，美国的财政预算将达到创纪录的4.75万亿美元。那么这份预算案都包含了哪些新内容？

增支项目

军事支出是预算增幅最大的领域之一。特朗普要求，到2020财年，美国的军费支出要达到7500亿美元，增幅近5%，甚至超过了五角大楼的要求。

特朗普还要求为美墨边境墙建设额外拨款。虽然国会早先已经拒绝了特朗普拨款57亿美元修建边境墙的要求，但在2020财年的预算案中，特朗普再次要求国会拨款86亿美元“修长城”。

除了军事和安全领域的开支，特朗普还在预算案中要求国会专门拨款用于打击阿片类药物滥用，并提议把退伍老兵的医疗支出提高10%，将基础设施支出增加2000亿美元，以及拨款降低处方药品成本。同时，特朗普也要求加大资源投入，以扩大教育的择校权，比如通过减扣联邦税等形式给予激励。

减支项目

这份预算案中的减支项目则更引人关注，很可能影响包括教育和环保在内的多个领域，涉及的预算项目总额达2.7万亿美元。

该预算案建议将非国防类联邦机构的开支削减5%。其中拟对医疗救助（Medicaid）计划等医保项目减支1.9万亿美元。特朗普还对医疗救助的受助人提出了新的要求，并建议将更多权力下放至各州。对联邦医保（Medicare）项目，特朗普也呼吁减支8450亿美元。

同时被削减预算的还有美国环保署、国务院、交通部和内政部，预计美国的对外援助、联邦雇员退休福利和清洁能源等都将受到一定影响。

美国离收支平衡还有多远

虽然特朗普提议对多个国内项目进行减支，但即便根据他的预算方案，美国政府在15年内依然做不到收支平衡。特朗普2016年竞选时曾经承诺，要在8年内偿清国家债务，前不久特朗普还表示，美国预算收支平衡在10年内有望成为现实。但是根据这份预算案估算，到2022年，美国依然会有上万亿美元级别的预算赤字。而且不要忘了，这还是建立在美国已经有22万亿美元国债的基础上。

不过，特朗普的预算案并非付诸实施的最终版。总统的提议权虽然也是必要的，但往往也会被国会否掉。真正的支出水平最终还是由国会来定。

由于政府内部的分歧很大，很有可能特朗普的2020财年预算案并不会全部付诸实现。它只是反映了特朗普眼中的美国改革之路，以及在他看来，哪些东西对于他竞选连任最为重要。（财富中文网）

译者：朴成奎

President Donald Trump sent his “Budget for a Better America” fiscal year 2020 budget proposal to Congress on Monday.

The budget request totals a record-breaking $4.75 trillion. Here’s what it includes.

Budget Increases

One of the biggest areas of proposed budget increases is military spending. Trump requested $750 billion for FY2020, a nearly 5% increase in this area, which exceeds what the Pentagon had asked for.

Trump also requested additional funding for the construction of the U.S.-Mexico border wall. Despite Congress already earlier denying his demand for $5.7 billion for the wall, the 2020 budget now requests $8.6 billion to build it.

Beyond military and security spending, Trump included in the budget funding for efforts to combat the opioid crisis, a 10% increase in health care spending for veterans, $200 billion in infrastructure spending, spending to reduce the cost of prescription drugs, and increased resources for school choice, including federal tax credits.

Budget Cuts

The budget cuts, on the other hand, are more significant, affecting areas such as education and environmental protection and totaling $2.7 trillion.

The 2020 budget proposes a 5% cut at non-defense federal agencies, including a total of $1.9 trillion in cuts to safety net programs like Medicaid. Trump also proposed new work requirements for Medicaid recipients and turning more power over to states. On Medicare, Trump called for an $845 billion budget cut.

Other agencies that would see budget cuts include the Environmental Protection Agency, the State Department, the Transportation Department, and the Department of the Interior, affecting matters such as foreign aid, federal employee retirement programs, and clean energy.

A Not-So Balanced America

While Trump proposes significant budget cuts to a number of domestic programs, his budget would not balance for 15 years. Trump himself made a campaign promise in 2016 to pay off the national debt in eight years and earlier suggested that a balanced budget would be a reality in 10, but the budget forecasts trillion-dollar deficits through 2022. These deficits build on the already $22 trillion of national debt.

However, this 2020 budget is not the one that Americans will see. Presidential budgets, while required, are often ignored by Congress, which has control over actual spending levels.

With a divided government, it is unlikely that all of the components of Trump’s 2020 budget will see the light of day. If nothing else, it simply provides an idea of Trump’s continued vision for the U.S.—and his re-election campaign priorities.