研究发现：女老板都是“活雷锋”

    有关男女工资差距的原因一直争议不断。这个问题究竟是由于女性的谈判能力、职业选择、性别歧视，还是多种原因共同作用下造成的？

    日益丰富的女性创业研究项目正在提出更多的问题，它指向了一种令人意外的现象：相比男性，女性掌权时给自己开出的工资更低。但女性创业者从工作中获得的幸福感更高。

    伦敦经济学院（London School of Economics）、阿斯顿商学院（Aston Business School）和安特卫普大学（University of Antwerp）的研究人员，对159名英国“社会创业者”进行了研究，这些创业者在创造经济价值的同时，也在努力创造社会价值。研究发现：女性社会创业者给自己支付的工资，比男性低23%，但她们有更高的工作满意度。（研究人员在根据职业、人口统计群体、价值观和其他因素进行调整后计算出工资差额。）

    研究人员得出的结论显示，女性更少受到传统成功观念的左右，相反，她们会因为带来社会变化而获得满足感。事实上，研究人员发现，女性“对商业成功的满意度，与公司的实际销售水平无关。”一位研究人员告诉《金融时报》（Financial Times）：“女性更注重社会成功，而非商业成功，她们比男性从组织中获得的更多。”

    这是否只是一种仅存在于社会企业家群体的现象？密尔沃基玛丽山大学（Mount Mary University）企业管理学助理教授、MBA课程主任克里斯汀•罗克表示，证据显示这并非一种个别现象。她与苏格兰阿伯丁大学（University of Aberdeen）经济学教授凯斯•本德尔发现，STEM（即科学、技术、工程、数学）领域创业者也存在这种性别差异。罗克和合著者在尚未发表的论文中，对一项大规模纵向研究的数据进行了分析，研究涉及8,897名男性和4,595名女性，全部为自主创业的大学毕业生。对于女性而言，提升机会与工资的重要性，要低于公司的位置和对社会的贡献。例如，33%的男性认为工资非常重要，而持同样观点的女性仅有29%。而在社会贡献方面，有37%的男性认为这一点非常重要；持同样观点的女性则有46%。

    其他研究显示，更多因素可能对这种情况造成了影响。例如，巴布森学院（Babson College）以鼓励女性创业为主题的戴安娜项目（Diana Project）最新研究发现，在2011年至2013年获得风投资金的公司中，CEO为女性的仅占2.7%。造成这种情况的原因，或许是女性创业者吸引资金的难度更大，因此她们在如何花钱方面更为谨慎。（财富中文网）

    译者：刘进龙/汪皓

    The causes of the gender wage gap are a perennial source of debate. Is it due to women’s negotiation skills, career choices, discrimination — or some combination?

    A growing body of research into female entrepreneurs is raising more questions, as it points to a surprising phenomenon: When women are in charge, many opt to pay themselves lower salaries than do their male counterparts. And yet, the women entrepreneurs tend to be happier with their work.

    Researchers at the London School of Economics, Aston Business School, and University of Antwerp studied 159 U.K. “social entrepreneurs,” business owners who try to create social as well as financial value. Their findings: female social entrepreneurs paid themselves 23 percent less than did their male counterparts, but they had higher job satisfaction. (Researchers calculated the gap after adjusting for differences in jobs, demographics, values and other factors.)

    The researchers concluded that the women simply were less driven by traditionally-defined ideas of success, instead finding their satisfaction in creating social change. In fact, the authors noted, the women’s “satisfaction with business success was independent of their business’ actual level of sales.” As one researcher told the Financial Times, “Women are putting more emphasis on the social than commercial success and they are getting more out of the organization than men.”

    Is this just a phenomenon among social entrepreneurs? The evidence suggests not, according to Kristen Roche, an assistant professor of business administration and director of the MBA program at Mount Mary University in Milwaukee. She and co-author Keith Bender, a professor of economics at the University of Aberdeen in Scotland, found this same gender disparity among entrepreneurs in STEM fields.In an as-yet unpublished paper, Roche and her coauthor examined data from a large, longitudinal study involving 8,897 men and 4,595 women, all college graduates who were self-employed. For the women, advancement opportunities and salary tended to be less important than the location of their business and their contributions to society. For example, 33 percent of self-employed men identified salary as very important, while 29 percent of women did. When it came to making a contribution to society, 37 percent of men described that as very important; 46 percent of women did, said Roche.

    Still, other research suggests that there may be more factors at work. The latest research from the Diana Project, a Babson College initiative promoting female entrepreneurship, for instance, has found that only 2.7 percent of companies that received venture funding from 2011 to 2013 had female CEOs. It could be that because female entrepreneurs have a more difficult time attracting funds, they tend to be more careful about how they spend.