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马特·加曼的成功之路:从实习生到亚马逊云科技CEO

Jason Del Rey
2024-12-23

六个月前,加曼被任命为亚马逊云科技首席执行官。

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12月,亚马逊云科技(AWS)的马特·加曼(Matt Garman)首次以首席执行官身份主持Re:Invent大会。图片来源:Courtesy of Amazon Web Services/Noah Berge

近二十年前,马特·加曼以实习生身份加入亚马逊云科技。但他本月早些时候出席这家云计算巨头在拉斯维加斯举行的年度大会,则在某种程度上标志着他的首次亮相。

六个月前,加曼被任命为亚马逊云科技首席执行官,负责管理亚马逊价值1000亿美元的云业务。亚马逊云科技庞大的数据中心为网飞(Netflix)、苹果(Apple)和优步(Uber)等全球最受欢迎的服务提供支持。在亚马逊云科技Re:invent活动上,许多客户出席,而加曼穿着运动牛仔裤,搭配挽起袖子的纽扣衬衫,自信地主持了一场长达三个小时的主题演讲。期间,他的副手、合作伙伴,乃至老板都轮番登场。

在外人看来,加曼所展现出的这份自信与风度,与理想的工作交接完美契合。他接管了亚马逊最为盈利的业务板块,该业务今年前九个月的营业利润占这家互联网巨头 470 亿美元总营业利润的 60%以上,拥有令人羡慕的市场份额,并凭借长期合同锁定了众多蓝筹股客户。作为一名经验丰富的亚马逊云科技掌舵人,加曼的使命是延续这份辉煌成就——他在最近的一次采访中承认了这一点,他告诉记者:“我并无大规模改变现状的意愿。”

然而,随着加曼任期的开始,一系列事件接踵而至,可能会迫使他采取比先前宣称的更为激烈的行动。

人工智能的蓬勃发展正驱使各行各业的公司全面革新其技术战略,并重新评估它们需要从云计算提供商那里获得的各种服务。这一重大转变有可能为企业开支带来意外收益,但也可能会颠覆长久以来由亚马逊云科技主导的云计算市场的力量平衡。加曼及其团队在拉斯维加斯的演讲中着重介绍了人工智能,但亚马逊在云计算领域的主要竞争对手微软(Microsoft)和谷歌(Google)也在积极抢占生成式人工智能的先机。此外,人工智能芯片巨头英伟达(Nvidia)最近透露,它正在构建自己的云服务,此举或将挑战亚马逊云科技的核心优势。

今年春季离职的前亚马逊云科技高级安全顾问凯特·西科罗内(Cate Ciccolone)在大会召开前一个月告诉《财富》杂志:“如果亚马逊或亚马逊云科技未能加速在人工智能领域的创新步伐,那么它们就有可能落后于市场。对于很多业内人士来说,当他们想到人工智能时,亚马逊云科技不会是他们首选、次选乃至第三选择的对象。鉴于它们需要覆盖众多领域,我认为这正是其在内部备受关注的部分原因。”

加曼还发现自己正在走钢丝,既要重振因多年过度招聘和中层管理人员冗余而变得官僚化的内部文化,又要赢得那些对强制要求每周五天重返办公室办公的规定感到失望的优秀员工的支持。

还有特朗普因素。有些人可能还记得,这位前总统,亦是即将再度入主白宫之人,一直对亚马逊创始人兼执行董事长杰夫·贝佐斯(Jeff Bezos)抱有不满,部分原因在于他认为贝佐斯旗下的《华盛顿邮报》的报道存在偏颇。在上一届特朗普政府执政期间,亚马逊在法庭上成功辩称,前总统对贝佐斯的个人敌意直接导致亚马逊云科技失去了一份价值100亿美元的政府合同。没有人能预测他的新一届政府将带来何种纷争与争议。

加曼如何引领这家亚马逊旗下最具盈利能力的公司度过这个机遇与挑战并存的关键时期,将对书写后贝佐斯时代这家科技巨头的新篇章大有助益。鉴于亚马逊云科技对亚马逊利润和整体人工智能战略的重要性,这位新任首席执行官将受到投资者的密切关注,他们希望确保这位稳健的掌门人在必要时能引领变革。《财富》杂志采访了12位亚马逊云科技在职员工及近期离职员工,首次近距离了解了这位云计算巨头的领导者、在其上任初期数个月的表现,以及他的管理风格对公司的意义。

精准的谎言识别器

现年 48 岁的加曼在亚利桑那州斯科茨代尔长大,他的家庭中“不乏夸夸其谈之人,他们热衷于表达自己的观点,并希望自己的声音能被他人听见。”

他认为,自己“能够洞察他人的言外之意,了解真相”的能力,至少在某种程度上要归功于这种家庭氛围。他说:"我认为这是我能在团队合作中能够发挥作用的地方。”

一位曾在亚马逊云科技担任领导职务的人士用另一种方式向《财富》杂志阐释了这一点:“他拥有一台精准的谎言识别器。”

“我猜这就是安迪(贾西)对他颇为赏识的原因吧,”这位曾在亚马逊云科技担任领导职务的人说。

尽管加曼从小就是菲尼克斯太阳队(Phoenix Suns)的球迷,而且在大学和商学院期间,他常常将闲暇时光投入篮球运动之中,但显而易见,他并非一名典型的运动员。他昔日的一位同窗向《财富》杂志透露:“他确实常在校内打篮球,但也很严肃,很书呆子气。”

Greylock Partners的风险投资家乔什·麦克法兰(Josh McFarland)在斯坦福大学结识了加曼,并与他一起在一家互联网初创公司短暂工作过一段时间。麦克法兰形容他的老朋友“沉稳持重”、“泰然自若”,是一个“行事极为中规中矩的人”。

从斯坦福大学毕业后,正值互联网繁荣期,麦克法兰成功说服加曼,让他住进了加曼与其他朋友在红木城合租的牧场内一间面积仅为7*12英尺(约2.1*3.7米)的狭小洗衣房。麦克法兰开着一辆引擎盖上绘有火焰图案的SUV,另一位室友拥有一辆全新的本田跑车,而加曼却选择了一辆二手轿车。

“他对此非常满意,”麦克法兰说。

(加曼的着装也不张扬。麦克法兰说,他最近嘲笑加曼在台上接受采访时穿的运动鞋,所以他特意为他定制了以亚马逊云科技为设计灵感的耐克空军一号鞋。)

在斯坦福大学就读大一期间,加曼邂逅了他未来的妻子香蒂(Shanti),并在那里完成了工业工程的本科和研究生学业。在接下来的五年里,他在数家初创公司担任产品管理职务,之后进入西北大学(Northwestern University)凯洛格管理学院攻读工商管理硕士学位。

2005 年夏天,在凯洛格管理学院完成了一年学业后,加曼以实习生身份加入了后来的亚马逊云科技,当时这家公司还未正式上市。

麦克法兰说:"当他开始在亚马逊工作时,我记得当时在想:'哦,这太合乎情理了;马特·加曼就是亚马逊精神的化身——埋头苦干,兢兢业业,全力以赴,不懈奋斗。"

位于弗吉尼亚州阿什本的IAD71亚马逊云科技数据中心。图片来源:Nathan Howard/Bloomberg–Getty Images

2006年毕业后,也就是亚马逊云科技正式成立的那一年,加曼接受了该部门的全职工作邀请,成为该部门首位产品经理,当时该公司仅聘用了三名销售人员。

加曼说:“我们完成了所有工作。作为产品经理,我负责撰写产品详情页,制定定价计划,召开产品命名会议——完成任何需要完成的工作。”

从那以后,他在这家公司工作了将近20年,这表明他觉得自己与这家企业高度契合。

去年离职的亚马逊云科技网络安全经理埃里克·普波(Erik Pupo)说:"他身上流淌着公司文化的血液。”

然而,一些曾与他共事的人告诉《财富》杂志,他职业生涯的绝大部分时间都在亚马逊云科技度过,这让他在公司内部建立了深厚的自信,有时甚至会让人觉得他傲慢。相反,另一些人则认为他的举止用“拘谨紧张”来形容再合适不过了。无论如何,多名消息人士称,加曼在亚马逊云科技之前担任的职务激发了他所领导团队的强烈忠诚感。

走上首席执行官的曲折道路

在亚马逊云科技稳步晋升的过程中,加曼遭遇的唯一一次重大挫折发生在2021年,当时贾西接替贝佐斯出任首席执行官,云计算部门的最高职位出现空缺。许多业内人士预计,刚履新一年、负责亚马逊云科技销售和营销部门的加曼将会获得这一职位。但亚马逊却选择了前亚马逊云科技员工亚当·塞利普斯基(Adam Selipsky)。这一举措之所以让人感到意外,是因为塞利普斯基已经离开该公司五年有余,在此期间,他担任软件公司Tableau的首席执行官,而加曼则在亚马逊云科技内部不断承担更多的责任,而且从未离开过,他曾领导过大型技术团队,后来又领导过销售和营销部门。

但是,即便加曼对自己的失利有所不甘,他也并未表现出来。相反,这次变故为他赢得了额外的三年时光,让他能够继续管理销售和营销部门,而他早在一年前就开始负责销售和营销部门了。

今年早些时候,加曼在美国全国广播公司财经频道(CNBC)的视频播客上表示:“这对我来说是一个绝佳的契机,让我得以深入洞察客户的需求、了解销售团队的运作机制、思考如何优化销售团队的架构、营销以及如何清晰地传达我们为客户创造的价值。”

因此,亚马逊云科技的员工以及科里·奎因(Corey Quinn)等人表示,对于许多大客户而言,首席执行官更替感觉像是无缝衔接。奎因所在的咨询公司 DuckBill Group与亚马逊云科技的大客户合作,旨在帮助他们降低账单。

加曼的从容不迫也可能是他认为没有必要立即对公司进行大刀阔斧改革的原因之一。

最近,他对《财富》杂志的另一位记者表示:“在上任的最初几个月里,我把很多时间都当成了学习和了解他人动机的机会,包括客户和员工,并弄清楚我们如何才能走得更快,做得更多。”

在接受《财富》杂志采访的12名亚马逊云科技现任和前任员工和管理人员中,大多数人都认为,公司内部几乎没有什么重大变化可以归因于首席执行官的变动。

这很可能是一种明智的策略。

DuckBill Group的奎因告诉《财富》杂志:“还记得亚马逊云科技的大客户是谁吗?银行、航空公司和民族国家。对于这些大型机构而言,稳定性是它们的核心诉求。在我看来,每当一家公司在像亚马逊云科技这样对其业务运营具有举足轻重地位的关键领域进行首席执行官更迭时,明智之举是在新任领导上任的前6至12个月内避免进行重大变革。”

Amazon Q面临的挑战

然而,亚马逊云科技所处的环境正在发生变化,加曼已有条不紊地着手调整业务以适应人工智能时代。

甚至在加曼出任首席执行官之前,亚马逊云科技就已将Amazon Bedrock服务定位为其云人工智能战略的核心。这一极具亚马逊特色的策略的要点是为人工智能基础模型提供一站式服务——从 Anthropic 和 Meta 等公司到亚马逊自身研发的大型语言模型——亚马逊云科技客户可以使用或训练这些模型,为自己的业务构建专属的生成式人工智能应用程序。在本月早些时候举行的拉斯维加斯会议上,亚马逊宣布推出 Bedrock Marketplace,该平台汇聚了总计100种大型语言模型,其中许多来自外部公司,用于特定的用例。

加曼认为,相较于那些“进行了数百次概念验证……迅速在网站上部署聊天机器人”的公司,亚马逊云科技在涉足生成式人工智能领域时更为深思熟虑。当其他公司在引擎盖上画上火焰图案时,亚马逊云科技则在本质上宣告,我们正致力于向商业客户提供他们所亟需的、可靠且实用的工具,以助力它们在人工智能领域前行。

亚马逊云科技发言人希里·布拉特(Shiri Blatt)在会前告诉《财富》杂志,已有数万家企业在使用 Bedrock服务,其中包括法拉利(Ferrari)和纳斯达克(Nasdaq)。

“这项业务已经真正实现蓬勃发展,”加曼最近告诉记者,这与贾西早前的评论不谋而合。贾西曾表示,亚马逊云科技的生成式人工智能业务每年会产生数十亿美元收入。

事实上,亚马逊云科技确实在Q中配备了自研的聊天机器人技术,这是一款生成式人工智能助手,该公司正试图将其出售给开发人员和其他不具备编程知识的商业人士。亚马逊的几位员工告诉《财富》杂志,该公司最近几个月正更积极地推广Q。

评论褒贬不一。

图片来源:Pavlo Gonchar/SOPA Images/LightRocket–Getty Images

亚马逊云科技的一位经理透露,他所在团队的开发人员很喜欢测试该工具的编码功能,但它生成的结果“有时错得离谱”,或“主要局限于重复”软件产品文档中的确切信息,而不添加更多内容或细微差别。

另一位亚马逊云科技经理表示,众所周知,Q生成的结果参考了并不存在的预编写代码库。

这位经理说:"这样的结果根本无法使用。”

不过,据其中一名员工透露,在过去的一两个月里,随着公司使用更新版本的Claude(人工智能初创公司Anthropic创建的基础模型)对Q进行训练,它的准确性和实用性似乎有所提高。Anthropic与亚马逊有着密切的合作关系,目前亚马逊已向该公司投资80亿美元。

加曼的老板、亚马逊首席执行官安迪·贾西(Andy Jassy)还在Re:Invent大会上介绍了亚马逊打造的名为Nova的新人工智能基础模型系列,这些模型在早期获得了积极评价。

著名的人工智能研究员西蒙·威利森(Simon Willison)随后表示:"通过这次发布,我认为亚马逊可能已经在顶级模型提供商中赢得了一席之地。”

在一些人看来,加曼对 Q 以及所有生成式人工智能的关注极具意义。普波说:“我认为他想把更多的注意力放在这上面,因为当前确实存在一些问题。而真正的挑战在于如何销售 Q。”普波是前亚马逊云科技经理,曾担任哥伦比亚大学医疗中心首席信息官。

亚马逊云科技发言人布拉特表示,Q 是对客户需求,即那些寻求以亚马逊云科技为核心的智能助手服务的积极响应,公司正致力于对其进行升级。她还指出,亚马逊早些时候的一份声明称,专为软件开发人员设计的Amazon Q版本在一个 Java 相关项目中完成的工作估计相当于 4500 年的工作量,从而提高了性能,节省了 2.6 亿美元。她补充说,Amazon Q 在软件开发助手排行榜上名列前茅,在正确性和实用性方面的表现也优于其他助手。

在向人工智能转型的过程中,加曼的背景和技能是否适合担任首席执行官,接受《财富》杂志采访的现任和前任员工意见不一。但是,无论好坏,亚马逊云科技的人工智能战略可能不仅仅是他一个人的责任。毕竟,贾西在拉斯维加斯的活动上展示了Nova模型,而贝佐斯最近透露,作为亚马逊执行董事长,他仍有大约 95% 的时间专注于公司的人工智能工作。

欢迎来到聚光灯下

除了人工智能的地面战争之外,加曼领导下的亚马逊云科技还做出了一些令客户惊讶的举动,即停止了一系列使用频率较低的服务,加曼将此形容为“进行了一次小幅度的清理”。这一举措本身并无不妥——有些人甚至称赞此举是为了更好地集中内部优先事项和投资而进行的必要缩减——但对一些客户而言,持续不断的服务弃用可能会带来不确定性。在加曼就任首席执行官以来的短短半年时间里,亚马逊云科技已宣布至少30项服务被弃用或停止接纳新客户。

奎因说:“这些服务不受欢迎,需求量也不大。然而,他们实际上还关闭了其他一些服务,这让人们开始思考,‘也许他们会取消一些我确实在使用的服务。’”

此外,加曼还助力塑造亚马逊云科技文化,但如今他也正试图修复这种文化。当亚马逊首席执行官安迪·贾西在 9 月宣布备受争议的每周五天重返办公室办公的规定时,他对近年来中层管理层冗余所带来的官僚主义表示遗憾,其中包括“为决策会议而召开的会前会议”等组织缺陷。

亚马逊首席执行官安迪·贾西  图片来源:Noah Berger—Getty Images for Amazon Web Services

加曼在最近的一次采访中说:“在一个等级森严的企业中,当员工感觉自己缺乏决定权时,就会放慢速度。对我们而言,速度至关重要。”

事实上,正是这种困境把一些亚马逊云科技员工逼走了。

“我无法理解,为何在要求我们遵循亚马逊领导原则,如‘发明与简化’的同时,我却需要获得15种不同的批准才能推进任何事情。”

今年 5 月离职的前亚马逊云科技高级安全顾问西科罗内在接受《财富》采访时表示。

西科罗内是亚马逊云科技内部公认的优秀员工,今年早些时候,作为新员工表彰计划的一部分,她被亚马逊云科技领导层评选为全球120名杰出员工之一,授予了“传奇奖”。还有几个月就要成为首席执行官的加曼主持了这次庆祝活动。但西科罗内说,她在日常工作中经历了令人窒息的官僚主义(她表示这在一定程度上引发了人才流失),这让她深感沮丧。因此,在获得表彰后不久,她便于今年春天做出了离职的决定。

亚马逊应对官僚主义蔓延的措施之一是将全公司管理人员与个人贡献者的比例下调15%。另一项措施是将于1月生效的新全职员工办公要求,高管们认为,这将有助于新员工更快地吸收亚马逊独特的发明和决策文化。

虽然重返办公室办公的决定是由贾西宣布的,但加曼在内部和公开场合都直言不讳地为其辩护。在 10 月的一次全体员工大会上,这位亚马逊云科技负责人告诉员工,如果他们无法接受这项规定,可以另谋高就。

加曼表示:“如果有些人在这种工作环境下表现不佳,或者心生退意,那也没关系,毕竟周围还有其他公司可以选择。”

尽管加曼表示自己的言论并无“恶意”,但他的措辞和表达方式还是激怒了一些员工,他们认为加曼对这项规定可能给部分员工生活带来的重大冲击显得漠不关心。

一位长期在亚马逊云科技任职的经理告诉《财富》杂志:“我们原本期待他能以更为明智的方式,更妥善地在内部传达这一信息。”他表示,他们对新工作安排本身并无异议,但对加曼的表达方式感到失望。“他的处理方式显得过于轻率和生硬。”

然而,多位接受《财富》杂志采访的消息人士均用“直率”和“直言不讳”来形容加曼。他们表示,加曼是那种更倾向于为新交易或新产品集思广益的高管,而非将时间耗费在闲聊或为长期以来既有的工作安排进行辩解上。

亚马逊云科技计费顾问奎因表示,他亲身经历过这种情况。奎因在亚马逊云科技生态系统中算是个名人,他在一定程度上因在亚马逊云科技活动上与与会者进行幽默自拍而闻名。但是,尽管他表示过去有数位前亚马逊云科技高管同意与他自拍,但加曼是唯一一个拒绝他的人。对此,奎因表现得十分坦然。

“他很直接,我很欣赏这一点,”奎因说。

亚马逊云科技发言人表示,加曼的“直截了当”被视为一种积极的领导特质,与该公司著名的领导原则相一致。(亚马逊的“赢得信任”原则推崇那些“直言不讳”的人。)

另一个迹象表明,加曼可能仍在适应首席执行官这一角色所带来的新聚光灯?最近,当《财富》杂志的另一位记者问他这份工作中最让他感到惊讶的部分是什么时,他打趣道:“我还需要接受多少次采访。”

当被同一名记者追问他在早期实施的最艰难的变革是什么时,加曼再次说道:“除了不得不接受更多的采访之外?”

亚马逊发言人布拉特表示,加曼的上述言论纯属玩笑性质,反映了采访其他部分的整体基调是轻松友好的。她指出,加曼还提到他很享受与媒体的互动,并且深知沟通对于首席执行官这一职位的重要性。

DuckBill 的奎因说:“他一直极为重视结果和成效,但担任首席执行官意味着,如果你想在这个职位上取得成功,你就不能再沿用以往的做法了。他承受着巨大的审视压力。”

特朗普带来的巨大未知数

加曼是否会面临好斗的特朗普政府的额外审查,这是另一个重大未知数。亚马逊创始人兼执行董事长杰夫·贝佐斯在特朗普的第一任期内尽力平息了与特朗普之间的动荡关系。

据报道,《华盛顿邮报》的老板在大选前几周取消了该报对卡玛拉·哈里斯(Kamala Harris)的支持(亚马逊的前长期发言人称此举“懦弱”)。然后,在特朗普再次当选后,贝佐斯一反常态地发推对他表示祝贺,庆祝其“非凡的政治复出”。

贝佐斯在12月初举行的DealBook峰会上谈到特朗普即将到来的任期时说:"这次我其实感到非常乐观。”

贝佐斯补充道:“他似乎在减少监管方面投入了大量的精力。我的立场是,如果我能为此出一份力,我会尽力协助他。”

亚马逊创始人杰夫·贝佐斯周三在《纽约时报》DealBook峰会上发言。图片来源:Eugene Gologursky—Getty Images

亚马逊随后宣布向特朗普的就职基金捐赠100万美元,Meta和OpenAI的山姆·奥特曼(Sam Altman)也宣布了捐赠事宜。在贝佐斯出席DealBook峰会后不久,这位亚马逊创始人被目击与特朗普在海湖庄园共进晚餐。亚马逊的布拉特表示,亚马逊云科技官员已与五届政府的政策制定者和监管机构建立了合作关系,该公司期待与即将上任的特朗普政府、政策制定者、州和联邦官员合作,共同营造一个“能够让我们持续代表客户进行创新”的环境。

诚然,如同许多富有的商业领袖一样,贝佐斯也可能真心实意地向特朗普示好。但另一种可能性是,贝佐斯已经做出决定,他至少需要努力与这位难以捉摸的领导人建立良好关系,以此来维护自己的众多商业利益,毕竟亚马逊云科技仍是一个日益重要的平台。

自亚马逊云科技创立之初,加曼便助力贝佐斯商业帝国打造了这个实力雄厚且有利可图的支柱,他在幕后通过严谨和高效使亚马逊云科技在云计算服务领域独占鳌头。如今,轮到他在聚光灯下大显身手了。(财富中文网)

译者:中慧言-王芳

近二十年前,马特·加曼以实习生身份加入亚马逊云科技。但他本月早些时候出席这家云计算巨头在拉斯维加斯举行的年度大会,则在某种程度上标志着他的首次亮相。

六个月前,加曼被任命为亚马逊云科技首席执行官,负责管理亚马逊价值1000亿美元的云业务。亚马逊云科技庞大的数据中心为网飞(Netflix)、苹果(Apple)和优步(Uber)等全球最受欢迎的服务提供支持。在亚马逊云科技Re:invent活动上,许多客户出席,而加曼穿着运动牛仔裤,搭配挽起袖子的纽扣衬衫,自信地主持了一场长达三个小时的主题演讲。期间,他的副手、合作伙伴,乃至老板都轮番登场。

在外人看来,加曼所展现出的这份自信与风度,与理想的工作交接完美契合。他接管了亚马逊最为盈利的业务板块,该业务今年前九个月的营业利润占这家互联网巨头 470 亿美元总营业利润的 60%以上,拥有令人羡慕的市场份额,并凭借长期合同锁定了众多蓝筹股客户。作为一名经验丰富的亚马逊云科技掌舵人,加曼的使命是延续这份辉煌成就——他在最近的一次采访中承认了这一点,他告诉记者:“我并无大规模改变现状的意愿。”

然而,随着加曼任期的开始,一系列事件接踵而至,可能会迫使他采取比先前宣称的更为激烈的行动。

人工智能的蓬勃发展正驱使各行各业的公司全面革新其技术战略,并重新评估它们需要从云计算提供商那里获得的各种服务。这一重大转变有可能为企业开支带来意外收益,但也可能会颠覆长久以来由亚马逊云科技主导的云计算市场的力量平衡。加曼及其团队在拉斯维加斯的演讲中着重介绍了人工智能,但亚马逊在云计算领域的主要竞争对手微软(Microsoft)和谷歌(Google)也在积极抢占生成式人工智能的先机。此外,人工智能芯片巨头英伟达(Nvidia)最近透露,它正在构建自己的云服务,此举或将挑战亚马逊云科技的核心优势。

今年春季离职的前亚马逊云科技高级安全顾问凯特·西科罗内(Cate Ciccolone)在大会召开前一个月告诉《财富》杂志:“如果亚马逊或亚马逊云科技未能加速在人工智能领域的创新步伐,那么它们就有可能落后于市场。对于很多业内人士来说,当他们想到人工智能时,亚马逊云科技不会是他们首选、次选乃至第三选择的对象。鉴于它们需要覆盖众多领域,我认为这正是其在内部备受关注的部分原因。”

加曼还发现自己正在走钢丝,既要重振因多年过度招聘和中层管理人员冗余而变得官僚化的内部文化,又要赢得那些对强制要求每周五天重返办公室办公的规定感到失望的优秀员工的支持。

还有特朗普因素。有些人可能还记得,这位前总统,亦是即将再度入主白宫之人,一直对亚马逊创始人兼执行董事长杰夫·贝佐斯(Jeff Bezos)抱有不满,部分原因在于他认为贝佐斯旗下的《华盛顿邮报》的报道存在偏颇。在上一届特朗普政府执政期间,亚马逊在法庭上成功辩称,前总统对贝佐斯的个人敌意直接导致亚马逊云科技失去了一份价值100亿美元的政府合同。没有人能预测他的新一届政府将带来何种纷争与争议。

加曼如何引领这家亚马逊旗下最具盈利能力的公司度过这个机遇与挑战并存的关键时期,将对书写后贝佐斯时代这家科技巨头的新篇章大有助益。鉴于亚马逊云科技对亚马逊利润和整体人工智能战略的重要性,这位新任首席执行官将受到投资者的密切关注,他们希望确保这位稳健的掌门人在必要时能引领变革。《财富》杂志采访了12位亚马逊云科技在职员工及近期离职员工,首次近距离了解了这位云计算巨头的领导者、在其上任初期数个月的表现,以及他的管理风格对公司的意义。

精准的谎言识别器

现年 48 岁的加曼在亚利桑那州斯科茨代尔长大,他的家庭中“不乏夸夸其谈之人,他们热衷于表达自己的观点,并希望自己的声音能被他人听见。”

他认为,自己“能够洞察他人的言外之意,了解真相”的能力,至少在某种程度上要归功于这种家庭氛围。他说:"我认为这是我能在团队合作中能够发挥作用的地方。”

一位曾在亚马逊云科技担任领导职务的人士用另一种方式向《财富》杂志阐释了这一点:“他拥有一台精准的谎言识别器。”

“我猜这就是安迪(贾西)对他颇为赏识的原因吧,”这位曾在亚马逊云科技担任领导职务的人说。

尽管加曼从小就是菲尼克斯太阳队(Phoenix Suns)的球迷,而且在大学和商学院期间,他常常将闲暇时光投入篮球运动之中,但显而易见,他并非一名典型的运动员。他昔日的一位同窗向《财富》杂志透露:“他确实常在校内打篮球,但也很严肃,很书呆子气。”

Greylock Partners的风险投资家乔什·麦克法兰(Josh McFarland)在斯坦福大学结识了加曼,并与他一起在一家互联网初创公司短暂工作过一段时间。麦克法兰形容他的老朋友“沉稳持重”、“泰然自若”,是一个“行事极为中规中矩的人”。

从斯坦福大学毕业后,正值互联网繁荣期,麦克法兰成功说服加曼,让他住进了加曼与其他朋友在红木城合租的牧场内一间面积仅为7*12英尺(约2.1*3.7米)的狭小洗衣房。麦克法兰开着一辆引擎盖上绘有火焰图案的SUV,另一位室友拥有一辆全新的本田跑车,而加曼却选择了一辆二手轿车。

“他对此非常满意,”麦克法兰说。

(加曼的着装也不张扬。麦克法兰说,他最近嘲笑加曼在台上接受采访时穿的运动鞋,所以他特意为他定制了以亚马逊云科技为设计灵感的耐克空军一号鞋。)

在斯坦福大学就读大一期间,加曼邂逅了他未来的妻子香蒂(Shanti),并在那里完成了工业工程的本科和研究生学业。在接下来的五年里,他在数家初创公司担任产品管理职务,之后进入西北大学(Northwestern University)凯洛格管理学院攻读工商管理硕士学位。

2005 年夏天,在凯洛格管理学院完成了一年学业后,加曼以实习生身份加入了后来的亚马逊云科技,当时这家公司还未正式上市。

麦克法兰说:"当他开始在亚马逊工作时,我记得当时在想:'哦,这太合乎情理了;马特·加曼就是亚马逊精神的化身——埋头苦干,兢兢业业,全力以赴,不懈奋斗。"

2006年毕业后,也就是亚马逊云科技正式成立的那一年,加曼接受了该部门的全职工作邀请,成为该部门首位产品经理,当时该公司仅聘用了三名销售人员。

加曼说:“我们完成了所有工作。作为产品经理,我负责撰写产品详情页,制定定价计划,召开产品命名会议——完成任何需要完成的工作。”

从那以后,他在这家公司工作了将近20年,这表明他觉得自己与这家企业高度契合。

去年离职的亚马逊云科技网络安全经理埃里克·普波(Erik Pupo)说:"他身上流淌着公司文化的血液。”

然而,一些曾与他共事的人告诉《财富》杂志,他职业生涯的绝大部分时间都在亚马逊云科技度过,这让他在公司内部建立了深厚的自信,有时甚至会让人觉得他傲慢。相反,另一些人则认为他的举止用“拘谨紧张”来形容再合适不过了。无论如何,多名消息人士称,加曼在亚马逊云科技之前担任的职务激发了他所领导团队的强烈忠诚感。

走上首席执行官的曲折道路

在亚马逊云科技稳步晋升的过程中,加曼遭遇的唯一一次重大挫折发生在2021年,当时贾西接替贝佐斯出任首席执行官,云计算部门的最高职位出现空缺。许多业内人士预计,刚履新一年、负责亚马逊云科技销售和营销部门的加曼将会获得这一职位。但亚马逊却选择了前亚马逊云科技员工亚当·塞利普斯基(Adam Selipsky)。这一举措之所以让人感到意外,是因为塞利普斯基已经离开该公司五年有余,在此期间,他担任软件公司Tableau的首席执行官,而加曼则在亚马逊云科技内部不断承担更多的责任,而且从未离开过,他曾领导过大型技术团队,后来又领导过销售和营销部门。

但是,即便加曼对自己的失利有所不甘,他也并未表现出来。相反,这次变故为他赢得了额外的三年时光,让他能够继续管理销售和营销部门,而他早在一年前就开始负责销售和营销部门了。

今年早些时候,加曼在美国全国广播公司财经频道(CNBC)的视频播客上表示:“这对我来说是一个绝佳的契机,让我得以深入洞察客户的需求、了解销售团队的运作机制、思考如何优化销售团队的架构、营销以及如何清晰地传达我们为客户创造的价值。”

因此,亚马逊云科技的员工以及科里·奎因(Corey Quinn)等人表示,对于许多大客户而言,首席执行官更替感觉像是无缝衔接。奎因所在的咨询公司 DuckBill Group与亚马逊云科技的大客户合作,旨在帮助他们降低账单。

加曼的从容不迫也可能是他认为没有必要立即对公司进行大刀阔斧改革的原因之一。

最近,他对《财富》杂志的另一位记者表示:“在上任的最初几个月里,我把很多时间都当成了学习和了解他人动机的机会,包括客户和员工,并弄清楚我们如何才能走得更快,做得更多。”

在接受《财富》杂志采访的12名亚马逊云科技现任和前任员工和管理人员中,大多数人都认为,公司内部几乎没有什么重大变化可以归因于首席执行官的变动。

这很可能是一种明智的策略。

DuckBill Group的奎因告诉《财富》杂志:“还记得亚马逊云科技的大客户是谁吗?银行、航空公司和民族国家。对于这些大型机构而言,稳定性是它们的核心诉求。在我看来,每当一家公司在像亚马逊云科技这样对其业务运营具有举足轻重地位的关键领域进行首席执行官更迭时,明智之举是在新任领导上任的前6至12个月内避免进行重大变革。”

Amazon Q面临的挑战

然而,亚马逊云科技所处的环境正在发生变化,加曼已有条不紊地着手调整业务以适应人工智能时代。

甚至在加曼出任首席执行官之前,亚马逊云科技就已将Amazon Bedrock服务定位为其云人工智能战略的核心。这一极具亚马逊特色的策略的要点是为人工智能基础模型提供一站式服务——从 Anthropic 和 Meta 等公司到亚马逊自身研发的大型语言模型——亚马逊云科技客户可以使用或训练这些模型,为自己的业务构建专属的生成式人工智能应用程序。在本月早些时候举行的拉斯维加斯会议上,亚马逊宣布推出 Bedrock Marketplace,该平台汇聚了总计100种大型语言模型,其中许多来自外部公司,用于特定的用例。

加曼认为,相较于那些“进行了数百次概念验证……迅速在网站上部署聊天机器人”的公司,亚马逊云科技在涉足生成式人工智能领域时更为深思熟虑。当其他公司在引擎盖上画上火焰图案时,亚马逊云科技则在本质上宣告,我们正致力于向商业客户提供他们所亟需的、可靠且实用的工具,以助力它们在人工智能领域前行。

亚马逊云科技发言人希里·布拉特(Shiri Blatt)在会前告诉《财富》杂志,已有数万家企业在使用 Bedrock服务,其中包括法拉利(Ferrari)和纳斯达克(Nasdaq)。

“这项业务已经真正实现蓬勃发展,”加曼最近告诉记者,这与贾西早前的评论不谋而合。贾西曾表示,亚马逊云科技的生成式人工智能业务每年会产生数十亿美元收入。

事实上,亚马逊云科技确实在Q中配备了自研的聊天机器人技术,这是一款生成式人工智能助手,该公司正试图将其出售给开发人员和其他不具备编程知识的商业人士。亚马逊的几位员工告诉《财富》杂志,该公司最近几个月正更积极地推广Q。

评论褒贬不一。

亚马逊云科技的一位经理透露,他所在团队的开发人员很喜欢测试该工具的编码功能,但它生成的结果“有时错得离谱”,或“主要局限于重复”软件产品文档中的确切信息,而不添加更多内容或细微差别。

另一位亚马逊云科技经理表示,众所周知,Q生成的结果参考了并不存在的预编写代码库。

这位经理说:"这样的结果根本无法使用。”

不过,据其中一名员工透露,在过去的一两个月里,随着公司使用更新版本的Claude(人工智能初创公司Anthropic创建的基础模型)对Q进行训练,它的准确性和实用性似乎有所提高。Anthropic与亚马逊有着密切的合作关系,目前亚马逊已向该公司投资80亿美元。

加曼的老板、亚马逊首席执行官安迪·贾西(Andy Jassy)还在Re:Invent大会上介绍了亚马逊打造的名为Nova的新人工智能基础模型系列,这些模型在早期获得了积极评价。

著名的人工智能研究员西蒙·威利森(Simon Willison)随后表示:"通过这次发布,我认为亚马逊可能已经在顶级模型提供商中赢得了一席之地。”

在一些人看来,加曼对 Q 以及所有生成式人工智能的关注极具意义。普波说:“我认为他想把更多的注意力放在这上面,因为当前确实存在一些问题。而真正的挑战在于如何销售 Q。”普波是前亚马逊云科技经理,曾担任哥伦比亚大学医疗中心首席信息官。

亚马逊云科技发言人布拉特表示,Q 是对客户需求,即那些寻求以亚马逊云科技为核心的智能助手服务的积极响应,公司正致力于对其进行升级。她还指出,亚马逊早些时候的一份声明称,专为软件开发人员设计的Amazon Q版本在一个 Java 相关项目中完成的工作估计相当于 4500 年的工作量,从而提高了性能,节省了 2.6 亿美元。她补充说,Amazon Q 在软件开发助手排行榜上名列前茅,在正确性和实用性方面的表现也优于其他助手。

在向人工智能转型的过程中,加曼的背景和技能是否适合担任首席执行官,接受《财富》杂志采访的现任和前任员工意见不一。但是,无论好坏,亚马逊云科技的人工智能战略可能不仅仅是他一个人的责任。毕竟,贾西在拉斯维加斯的活动上展示了Nova模型,而贝佐斯最近透露,作为亚马逊执行董事长,他仍有大约 95% 的时间专注于公司的人工智能工作。

欢迎来到聚光灯下

除了人工智能的地面战争之外,加曼领导下的亚马逊云科技还做出了一些令客户惊讶的举动,即停止了一系列使用频率较低的服务,加曼将此形容为“进行了一次小幅度的清理”。这一举措本身并无不妥——有些人甚至称赞此举是为了更好地集中内部优先事项和投资而进行的必要缩减——但对一些客户而言,持续不断的服务弃用可能会带来不确定性。在加曼就任首席执行官以来的短短半年时间里,亚马逊云科技已宣布至少30项服务被弃用或停止接纳新客户。

奎因说:“这些服务不受欢迎,需求量也不大。然而,他们实际上还关闭了其他一些服务,这让人们开始思考,‘也许他们会取消一些我确实在使用的服务。’”

此外,加曼还助力塑造亚马逊云科技文化,但如今他也正试图修复这种文化。当亚马逊首席执行官安迪·贾西在 9 月宣布备受争议的每周五天重返办公室办公的规定时,他对近年来中层管理层冗余所带来的官僚主义表示遗憾,其中包括“为决策会议而召开的会前会议”等组织缺陷。

加曼在最近的一次采访中说:“在一个等级森严的企业中,当员工感觉自己缺乏决定权时,就会放慢速度。对我们而言,速度至关重要。”

事实上,正是这种困境把一些亚马逊云科技员工逼走了。

“我无法理解,为何在要求我们遵循亚马逊领导原则,如‘发明与简化’的同时,我却需要获得15种不同的批准才能推进任何事情。”

今年 5 月离职的前亚马逊云科技高级安全顾问西科罗内在接受《财富》采访时表示。

西科罗内是亚马逊云科技内部公认的优秀员工,今年早些时候,作为新员工表彰计划的一部分,她被亚马逊云科技领导层评选为全球120名杰出员工之一,授予了“传奇奖”。还有几个月就要成为首席执行官的加曼主持了这次庆祝活动。但西科罗内说,她在日常工作中经历了令人窒息的官僚主义(她表示这在一定程度上引发了人才流失),这让她深感沮丧。因此,在获得表彰后不久,她便于今年春天做出了离职的决定。

亚马逊应对官僚主义蔓延的措施之一是将全公司管理人员与个人贡献者的比例下调15%。另一项措施是将于1月生效的新全职员工办公要求,高管们认为,这将有助于新员工更快地吸收亚马逊独特的发明和决策文化。

虽然重返办公室办公的决定是由贾西宣布的,但加曼在内部和公开场合都直言不讳地为其辩护。在 10 月的一次全体员工大会上,这位亚马逊云科技负责人告诉员工,如果他们无法接受这项规定,可以另谋高就。

加曼表示:“如果有些人在这种工作环境下表现不佳,或者心生退意,那也没关系,毕竟周围还有其他公司可以选择。”

尽管加曼表示自己的言论并无“恶意”,但他的措辞和表达方式还是激怒了一些员工,他们认为加曼对这项规定可能给部分员工生活带来的重大冲击显得漠不关心。

一位长期在亚马逊云科技任职的经理告诉《财富》杂志:“我们原本期待他能以更为明智的方式,更妥善地在内部传达这一信息。”他表示,他们对新工作安排本身并无异议,但对加曼的表达方式感到失望。“他的处理方式显得过于轻率和生硬。”

然而,多位接受《财富》杂志采访的消息人士均用“直率”和“直言不讳”来形容加曼。他们表示,加曼是那种更倾向于为新交易或新产品集思广益的高管,而非将时间耗费在闲聊或为长期以来既有的工作安排进行辩解上。

亚马逊云科技计费顾问奎因表示,他亲身经历过这种情况。奎因在亚马逊云科技生态系统中算是个名人,他在一定程度上因在亚马逊云科技活动上与与会者进行幽默自拍而闻名。但是,尽管他表示过去有数位前亚马逊云科技高管同意与他自拍,但加曼是唯一一个拒绝他的人。对此,奎因表现得十分坦然。

“他很直接,我很欣赏这一点,”奎因说。

亚马逊云科技发言人表示,加曼的“直截了当”被视为一种积极的领导特质,与该公司著名的领导原则相一致。(亚马逊的“赢得信任”原则推崇那些“直言不讳”的人。)

另一个迹象表明,加曼可能仍在适应首席执行官这一角色所带来的新聚光灯?最近,当《财富》杂志的另一位记者问他这份工作中最让他感到惊讶的部分是什么时,他打趣道:“我还需要接受多少次采访。”

当被同一名记者追问他在早期实施的最艰难的变革是什么时,加曼再次说道:“除了不得不接受更多的采访之外?”

亚马逊发言人布拉特表示,加曼的上述言论纯属玩笑性质,反映了采访其他部分的整体基调是轻松友好的。她指出,加曼还提到他很享受与媒体的互动,并且深知沟通对于首席执行官这一职位的重要性。

DuckBill 的奎因说:“他一直极为重视结果和成效,但担任首席执行官意味着,如果你想在这个职位上取得成功,你就不能再沿用以往的做法了。他承受着巨大的审视压力。”

特朗普带来的巨大未知数

加曼是否会面临好斗的特朗普政府的额外审查,这是另一个重大未知数。亚马逊创始人兼执行董事长杰夫·贝佐斯在特朗普的第一任期内尽力平息了与特朗普之间的动荡关系。

据报道,《华盛顿邮报》的老板在大选前几周取消了该报对卡玛拉·哈里斯(Kamala Harris)的支持(亚马逊的前长期发言人称此举“懦弱”)。然后,在特朗普再次当选后,贝佐斯一反常态地发推对他表示祝贺,庆祝其“非凡的政治复出”。

贝佐斯在12月初举行的DealBook峰会上谈到特朗普即将到来的任期时说:"这次我其实感到非常乐观。”

贝佐斯补充道:“他似乎在减少监管方面投入了大量的精力。我的立场是,如果我能为此出一份力,我会尽力协助他。”

亚马逊随后宣布向特朗普的就职基金捐赠100万美元,Meta和OpenAI的山姆·奥特曼(Sam Altman)也宣布了捐赠事宜。在贝佐斯出席DealBook峰会后不久,这位亚马逊创始人被目击与特朗普在海湖庄园共进晚餐。亚马逊的布拉特表示,亚马逊云科技官员已与五届政府的政策制定者和监管机构建立了合作关系,该公司期待与即将上任的特朗普政府、政策制定者、州和联邦官员合作,共同营造一个“能够让我们持续代表客户进行创新”的环境。

诚然,如同许多富有的商业领袖一样,贝佐斯也可能真心实意地向特朗普示好。但另一种可能性是,贝佐斯已经做出决定,他至少需要努力与这位难以捉摸的领导人建立良好关系,以此来维护自己的众多商业利益,毕竟亚马逊云科技仍是一个日益重要的平台。

自亚马逊云科技创立之初,加曼便助力贝佐斯商业帝国打造了这个实力雄厚且有利可图的支柱,他在幕后通过严谨和高效使亚马逊云科技在云计算服务领域独占鳌头。如今,轮到他在聚光灯下大显身手了。(财富中文网)

译者:中慧言-王芳

Matt Garman joined Amazon Web Services as an intern nearly two decades ago. But his appearance earlier this month at the cloud computing giant’s annual conference in Las Vegas marked something of a debut.

Garman was appointed CEO of AWS six months ago, overseeing Amazon’s $100 billion cloud business. AWS’s sprawling collection of data centers powers some of the world’s most popular services, such as Netflix, Apple, and Uber. Many of those customers were in the audience at the AWS Re:invent event as Garman, sporting jeans and a button-down shirt with sleeves rolled up, confidently presided over a three-hour keynote presentation alongside a rotating cast of his lieutenants, partners, and, even, his boss.

The air of confidence and poise is in keeping with what, from the outside, might look like the dream job handover. Garman inherited Amazon’s most profitable business, accounting for more than 60% of the internet giant’s $47 billion in operating profit over the first nine months of the year, with an enviable market share and blue chip customers locked into lengthy contracts. As an experienced hand on the AWS wheel, Garman’s mission revolves around keeping a good thing going — something he acknowledged in a recent interview when he told the reporter “there’s not a desire to massively change anything.”

And yet, as Garman’s tenure gets underway, a confluence of events are coming together that might force him to take more drastic actions than he’s let on.

The generative AI boom is causing companies across industries to overhaul their technology strategies and to re-evaluate the kinds of things they need from a cloud provider, a major shift that has the potential to bring a windfall of enterprise spending but also to upend the balance of power in a cloud market where AWS has long called the shots. Garman and team’s Las Vegas presentation was heavy on AI announcements, but Amazon’s main cloud rivals, Microsoft and Google, have been attacking the new Gen AI opportunity feverishly too. Plus Nvidia, the AI chip giant, recently disclosed that it’s building its own cloud services that could challenge AWS’ core strength.

“There’s the potential that if Amazon or AWS doesn’t innovate in AI at a faster speed, they are gonna stay behind in the market,” Cate Ciccolone, a former senior AWS security consultant who left in the spring, told Fortune a month before the conference. “For a lot of people in the industry when they think of AI, AWS is not gonna be the 1st, 2nd, or 3rd choice. They have a lot of ground to cover and I think that’s partly why it’s getting a lot of attention internally.”

Garman also finds himself balancing along the tightrope of reinvigorating an internal culture that has grown bureaucratic amid years of overhiring and bloated middle management, while at the same time winning over some talented employees who’ve grown dismayed by a five-day return-to-office mandate.

Then there’s the Trump factor. The former and incoming president, as some may recall, has not been a fan of Amazon founder and executive chair Jeff Bezos thanks in part to what he deemed unfair coverage by the Bezos-owned Washington Post. During the last Trump administration, Amazon successfully argued in court that the former president’s animus toward Bezos directly resulted in AWS losing out on a $10 billion government contract. No one can predict what squabbles his next administration might bring.

How Garman leads Amazon’s most profitable organization through this crucial moment of both grand opportunities and challenges will go a long way toward writing the next chapter of the tech giant’s post-Bezos arc. Given AWS’ importance to Amazon’s bottom line and overall AI gameplan, the new CEO will be under intense scrutiny from investors looking for assurances that the steady hand can also be an agent of change when necessary. In interviews with a dozen current and recently-departed AWS employees, Fortune has taken one of the first close looks at the man leading the cloud computing juggernaut, his first few months on the job, and what his stewardship means for the business.

A good B.S. detector

Garman, 48, grew up in Scottsdale, Arizona, in a family “full of big talkers who liked to deliver a point that got heard.”

He’s credited at least some of his ability “for cutting through and getting to the ground truth” of what someone is or isn’t saying, to that family dynamic. “I think that’s something I bring to the table,” he’s said.

A former AWS leader described it to Fortune another way: “He has a very good bullshit detector.”

“I’m guessing that’s what Andy [Jassy] liked about him,” the former AWS leader said.

While Garman grew up a fan of the Phoenix Suns and spent a lot of downtime playing basketball during college and business school, he was decidedly not a jock. “He played a ton of intramural hoops but was also serious and geeky,” a former classmate told Fortune.

Josh McFarland, a venture capitalist at Greylock Partners who met Garman at Stanford and briefly worked at a dot-com startup with him, described his longtime friend as “solid” with an “unflappable” demeanor — a “very down-the-middle guy.”

After Stanford, during the dot-com boom, McFarland convinced Garman to let him live out of a 7×12-foot laundry room inside a Redwood City ranch that Garman and other friends shared. While McFarland drove an SUV with flames on the hood, and another roommate owned a brand-new Honda sports car, Garman opted for a used sedan instead.

“And he was absolutely happy with that,” McFarland said.

(The lack of flash extends to Garman’s attire. McFarland said he recently teased his old friend about the sneakers he wore during an on-stage interview, so he’s having custom AWS-inspired Nike Air Force 1s made for him.)

Garman met his future wife Shanti during freshman year at Stanford, where he completed both an undergraduate and graduate degree in industrial engineering. Over the next five years, he worked in startups in product management roles, before enrolling in the MBA program at Northwestern University’s Kellogg School of Management.

During the summer of 2005, after his first year at Kellogg , Garman joined what would become AWS as an intern, before it even launched publicly.

“When he started at Amazon, I remember thinking, ‘Oh, this makes perfect sense; Matt Garman is an Amazon kind of person,” McFarland said. “You put your head down, you do good work, you crank, you grind.”

After graduating in 2006, the year AWS officially launched, Garman accepted a full-time job as the division’s first product manager at a time when the company employed only three sales people.

“We did everything,” Garman has said. “I was the product manager and I wrote product detail pages, came up with pricing plans, ran product naming meetings—whatever was needed.”

That he’s stayed with the company nearly two decades since then says something about the fit he’s felt.

“He bleeds the culture,” said Erik Pupo, an AWS cybersecurity manager who left the company last year.

Some who’ve worked with him told Fortune however that the fact he’s spent the vast majority of his career at AWS has instilled in him an air of self-confidence internally that can at times come across as arrogance. Others, instead, see his demeanor simply as one best described as “intense.” Either way, multiple sources said that Garman has inspired fierce loyalty from his own leadership teams in his prior AWS roles.

Detour to the CEO job

The only major blip in Garman’s steady rise at AWS came when Jassy was tapped to replace Bezos as CEO in 2021, and the top job in the cloud division opened up. Many insiders expected Garman, who was a year into a new role running AWS sales and marketing, to get the nod. But Amazon instead chose former AWSer Adam Selipsky. The move was viewed as a surprise by some because Selipsky had been out of AWS for more than five years, running the software company Tableau as CEO in the interim, while Garman had continued taking on more responsibility inside AWS and had never left, having led both large technical teams and, later, the sales and marketing division.

But if Garman felt resentful about losing out, he didn’t show it. Instead, it gave him an additional three years running sales and marketing, which he was put in charge of one year earlier.

“It [was] a huge opportunity to really dive in deep with customers, understand how sales teams operate, and think about how we better organize there, thinking about marketing and how do we clearly communicate what the value is that we bring to customers,” Garman said earlier this year on a CNBC video podcast.

For that reason, the CEO transition has felt seamless for many big customers, according to both AWS employees as well as those like Corey Quinn, whose consulting firm DuckBill Group works with large AWS clients to lower their bills.

Garman’s comfort level also could be one reason that he doesn’t see a reason to immediately put a drastic imprint on the company.

“I’ve taken a lot of my first couple of months of this job as an opportunity just to learn and get to understand where people are coming from, both customers and employees,” he told another Fortune reporter recently. “And figure out how we can go faster and do more.”

Most of the dozen current and former AWS employees and managers that Fortune interviewed for this piece echoed the sentiment that there have been few significant changes inside the company that they can attribute to the CEO change.

And that may very well be a smart tact.

“Remember who AWS’ large customers are?” Quinn, of the DuckBill Group, told Fortune. “These are banks, these are airlines, these are nation-states. And one thing large institutions crave is stability. I would say that whenever you have a CEO transition with a business as something as impactful to operations as AWS, you go out of the way to avoid major changes in the first 6 to 12 months.”

The Amazon Q challenge

The world around AWS is changing though, and Garman has methodically taken on the task of tuning-up and adapting the business for the AI era.

Even before Garman became CEO, AWS had positioned Amazon Bedrock as the centerpiece of its cloud AI strategy. The gist of this very Amazonian approach is to offer a one-stop shop for AI foundational models – from companies like Anthropic and Meta to Amazon’s own homegrown LLMs – that AWS customers can use or train to build their own generative AI applications for their own businesses. At the Las Vegas conference earlier this month, Amazon announced the Bedrock Marketplace, which offers access to a total of 100 large language models, many from outside firms and for specialized use cases.

Garman has framed AWS’ entry into the Gen AI sector as more deliberate than others who “ran and did hundreds of proof of concepts and…had chatbots on their website very quickly.” Let other companies paint flames on the hood, AWS is essentially saying, we’re giving business customers the reliable, practical vehicle they need to navigate the AI landscape.

AWS spokesperson Shiri Blatt told Fortune prior to the conference that tens of thousands of organizations were already using Bedrock, including Ferrari and Nasdaq.

“The business has really taken off,” Garman told a reporter recently, echoing past comments by Jassy, who has said the AWS generative AI business is generating multiple billions in annual revenue.

AWS does, in fact, have its own chatbot technology in Q, a generative AI assistant that AWS is trying to sell to both developers as well as other non-coding businesspeople. Several Amazon employees told Fortune that the company is more aggressively pushing Q in recent months.

One AWS manager said that developers on his team have enjoyed testing out the tool for coding purposes, but the results it generates can range from “comically incorrect at times” to “mainly just regurgitating” the exact information that’s in a software product’s documentation without adding more content or nuance.

Another AWS manager said Q has been known to generate results that reference libraries of pre-written code that don’t exist.

“It was unusable,” the manager said.

Still, one of these employees said that Q’s accuracy and usefulness seems to have improved over the last month or two as the company trained the tool using newer versions of Claude, the foundational model created by the AI startup Anthropic, with which Amazon has a close partnership and in which the tech giant has now invested $8 billion.

Garman’s boss, Amazon CEO Andy Jassy, also introduced at the Re:Invent conference a new family of Amazon-built AI foundation models called Nova that received positive early reviews.

“With this release I think Amazon may have earned a spot among the top tier of model providers,” a prominent AI researcher, Simon Willison, said afterward.

The attention that Q, and all generative AI efforts, are getting from Garman make sense to some. “I think he wants to put more focus on it because there are problems,” said Pupo, the former AWS manager who previously worked as CIO of Columbia University’s medical center. “The challenge has been how to sell Q.”

Blatt, the AWS spokesperson, said that Q is a response to customer demand for an AWS-focused assistant, and that the company is committed to continuously improving it. She also pointed to an earlier Amazon announcement stating that the version of Amazon Q that’s designed for software developers accomplished the equivalent of an estimated 4,500 years of work on one Java-related project resulting in performance improvements that represent $260 million in savings. She added that Q has ranked highly on leaderboards for software development assistants, and has outperformed published results from other assistants on correctness and helpfulness.

Current and former employees who spoke to Fortune were mixed on whether Garman’s background and skill set make him a good or poor fit for a CEO steering a giant incumbent during this transformational pivot to AI. But, for better or worse, AWS’ AI strategy is likely not one solely resting on his shoulders. Jassy, after all, presented the Nova models at the Las Vegas event, while Bezos recently disclosed that around 95% of the time he still spends at Amazon as executive chairman is focused on the company’s AI efforts.

Welcome to the spotlight

Outside of the AI ground war, AWS under Garman has surprised some customers by discontinuing access to a long list of lesser-used services, part of what Garman has described as a “little bit of a clean-up.” That alone is not problematic – some have even applauded the move as a necessary retrenchment to better focus internal priorities and investments – but the uncertainty for some customers created by the steady drumbeat of deprecations could be. AWS has announced at least 30 services that are either being deprecated, or ceasing to accept new customers, in just six months since Garman stepped into the CEO role.

“They are not beloved services, they are not in high demand,” Quinn said. “But the fact they are turning off yet something else starts to lead folks to think, ‘Maybe they are going to cancel something I do use.’”

Then there’s the AWS culture that Garman has both helped create but is now also attempting to fix. When Amazon CEO Andy Jassy announced the controversial five-day back-to-office mandate in September, he lamented the lurching bureaucracy that a fat layer of middle-management has created in recent years, including organizational flaws like “pre-meetings for the pre-meetings for the decision meetings.”

“When you have a very kind of hierarchical organization where people don’t feel like they have that ownership to make decisions, you go slow,” Garman said in a recent interview. “And for us, speed really matters.”

Indeed, that very predicament has pushed some AWS employees away.

“I couldn’t resolve inside my brain that we were told to live by the Amazon Leadership Principles like “Invent and Simplify” when I have to get 15 different approvals to proceed with anything,”

Ciccolone, the former senior security consultant at AWS who left in May, told Fortune in an interview.

Ciccolone was recognized inside AWS as a standout employee who was tapped by leadership as one of 120 AWS staff members globally to be honored earlier this year with a “Legend Award” as part of a new employee recognition program. Garman, a few months shy of becoming CEO, presided over the celebratory event. But Ciccolone was so dismayed by the stifling bureaucracy she says she experienced in her daily work, and the talent exodus she says it helped incite, that she chose to leave AWS this spring, only shortly after being honored.

Part of Amazon’s answer to bureaucracy creep is a target of a 15% reduction in the ratio of managers to individual contributors across the company. Another is the new full-time in-office mandate, that goes into effect in January, which executives believe will help newer employees absorb Amazon’s unique invention and decision-making culture more quickly.

While the RTO decision was Jassy’s to announce, Garman has defended it in blunt terms both internally and publicly. At a staff town hall meeting in October, the AWS chief told employees that if they didn’t like the rule, they could seek employment elsewhere.

“If there are people who just don’t work well in that environment and don’t want to, that’s okay, there are other companies around,” said Garman.

Despite stating that his comments weren’t intended “in a bad way,” his words and delivery enraged some employees who believed he was insensitive to the major impact the mandate could have on some employees’ lives.

“I guess we expected a little more savvy to be able to communicate it better internally,” one longtime AWS manager, who said they had no problem with the new work arrangement but were disappointed by the delivery, told Fortune. “He’s handling it in a way that’s so cavalier and with too much bluntness.”

But “blunt” and “straight shooter” were each descriptors for Garman used by multiple sources who spoke to Fortune. Garman, they said, is the type of executive who would much rather work on new deals or brainstorm new offerings than spend time making small talk or defending a work arrangement that was the norm for so long.

Quinn, the AWS billing consultant, says he has experienced this first-hand. Quinn is something of a celebrity in the AWS ecosystem and is known, in part, for taking humorous selfies with attendees at AWS events. But while he says several former top AWS execs have agreed to selfies with him in the past, Garman stands alone as the only one to have denied him. Quinn took it in stride.

“He’s direct and I actually appreciate that,” Quinn said.

The AWS spokesperson said that Garman’s “direct approach” is viewed as a positive leadership trait that aligns with the company’s famed leadership principles. (Amazon’s “Earn Trust” principle celebrates those who “speak candidly.”)

Another sign that Garman might still be adapting to the new spotlight that accompanies the CEO role? When a different Fortune reporter recently asked him for the part of the job that has surprised him the most, he quipped: “How many more interviews that I need to do.”

Asked by the same reporter for the toughest change he’s had to implement early on, Garman remarked again: “Outside of having to do more interviews?”

Blatt, the Amazon spokesperson, said the comments were made in jest and reflected the overall amiable tone of the rest of the interview. She noted that Garman also mentioned enjoying his press interactions, and that he understands the role of communication is crucial to the CEO position.

“He has always been highly focused on results and outcomes,” DuckBill’s Quinn said, “ but so much of the act of being CEO means you no longer get to do things you used to do if you want to succeed in the role. He’s under massive levels of scrutiny.”

The great Trump unknown

Whether Garman will face additional scrutiny in the form of a combative Trump administration is one more major unknown. Amazon founder and executive chairman Jeff Bezos has done his best to smooth over what was a tumultuous relationship with Trump during his first term.

The Washington Post’s owner reportedly squashed the paper’s Kamala Harris endorsement weeks before the election (a move that Amazon’s former longtime spokesperson called “cowardly”). Then, after Trump was reelected, Bezos congratulated him in an uncharacteristically gushing tweet that celebrated his “extraordinary political comeback.”

“I’m actually very optimistic this time around,” Bezos said of Trump’s upcoming term at the DealBook Summit in early December.

“He seems to have a lot of energy around reducing regulation,” Bezos added. “And my point of view, if I can help him do that, I’m going to help him.”

Amazon later announced a $1 million donation to Trump’s inaugural fund, as did Meta and OpenAI’s Sam Altman. Soon after Bezos’ DealBook appearance, the Amazon founder was spotted having dinner at Mar-a-Lago with Trump. Amazon’s Blatt said that AWS officials have worked with policymakers and regulators across five administrations, and that the company looks forward to working with the incoming Trump administration as well as policy makers and state and federal officials to promote an environment “that allows us to continue to innovate on behalf of customers.”

It of course remains possible that Bezos has genuinely warmed to Trump like many wealthy business leaders have. But it’s also plausible that Bezos has decided he needs to at least attempt to develop a civil rapport with an unpredictable leader to protect his myriad business interests. And AWS remains an increasingly key one.

Garman has helped create this powerful and profitable plank of the Bezos business empire since its earliest days, providing the behind-the-scenes discipline and efficiency that made AWS the dominant cloud service. Now, it’s his turn to show what he can do in the spotlight.

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