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疫情期间,一位流行病学家能做什么?

Regan Stephens
2020-04-12

新冠疫情让一个公共卫生专家有了用武之地。

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卡罗琳·坎努西奥在布朗大学读本科时就开始了自己的职业生涯。她的专业是流行病学,当时艾滋病毒/艾滋病刚开始流行,而这也促使她继续前往哈佛大学攻读公共卫生专业博士学位。这位社会流行病学家如今在宾夕法尼亚大学佩雷尔曼医学院担任家庭医学和社区卫生学副教授,她负责研究以往的流行病,目前正在讲授一门关于流行病、应急响应和环境威胁的课程。

自今年年初新冠肺炎疫情爆发以来,坎努西奥花了不少时间敦促费城及周边的社区采取社交疏离措施,以减缓病毒的传播。

《财富》邀请坎努西奥谈了谈新冠疫情对她的生活产生了哪些影响,比如怎样给学生授课、在家教育子女(包括做早餐)有何心得,以及在这段非常时期里,她对我们每个人有什么建议。

卡罗琳·坎努西奥是一名社会流行病学家兼大学教授。她负责研究以往的流行病,同时讲授一门关于流行病、应急响应和环境威胁的课程。图片来源:COURTESY OF CAROLYN CANNUSCIO

《财富》:疫情爆发之前,您平时的生活是怎么样的?

坎努西奥:我常说,我拥有世界上最好的工作。它能让我一个人静静地思考、做教学工作,还能与社区形成紧密的联系。我还有一间实验室。我们会开展社区联动的研究项目,通常与公共图书馆合作,解决重大的社区健康问题。就在意大利爆发新冠疫情的前几天,我们团队刚刚向美国国家卫生研究院提交了一项拨款申请,致力于在全国范围内建立图书馆网络,提高图书馆应对药物过量问题的能力。我们申请了一笔巨额拨款,这是我要求的最大的一笔拨款,其中涉及到许多协调工作和团队合作。

通常我会坐在办公室里,我们在宾大的团队每天都会一起做午饭。这儿有一只快煲电压力锅和一只电磁炉,时间充裕的话,我们会煮红扁豆汤、做咖喱菜或炒菜之类。大家做完好吃的,就一起坐下来吃饭,这个习惯我们已经保持了两年了。有时候会有很多文案工作需要处理,我们几个人就会离开办公室找个安静的地方,集中精力把稿子写完。

这些年来,我做了许多公共卫生领域的工作,特别是在保护弱势群体和减少城市卫生差距方面。但我的教学重点其实是流行病学概论,也就是公共卫生领域的基础科学。我还在教一门关于流行病、应急响应和环境科学的课程,所以我特别希望大家从以往的危机中汲取教训,让我们做得更好。

这也紧扣了当前的形势。

没错,我们在课堂上做了很多模拟练习,预演了发生危机时需要做出的决定。就在几周前,我们假设宾大校园里出现了流感大流行。宾大应该怎样处理学生住宿问题?怎样为学生提供餐饮服务?宾大应该如何重新安排考试时间,医学生的医师执照考试又该怎么办?你瞧,现在医学院的学生都不来学校上课了,他们的医师执照考试第一阶段已经取消,学生也被要求搬出了宿舍。

我们做这些模拟演练,是为了让大家全盘考虑所有受疫情影响的群体,思考各种不同的策略,管控人类健康风险,实行干预措施以降低经济损失,加强与公众的沟通,减少歧视和恐慌。我们讨论了可以用来帮助家庭应对疫情的策略、流行病或突发事件造成的负面政治影响,以及医疗系统和所有医护人员会受到的冲击。这些问题我们都涉及到了。而现在,所有学生都认识到了提前规划的重要性,那么在遇到类似的危机时,我们就知道所有关键问题都已经照顾到了。

您现在的工作状态是怎么样的?

过去几周里,我一直在向公众和媒体宣传,敦促人们尽快采取社交疏离措施,并主张当局及早制定相关政策,将“社交疏离”落实到位。我花了大量精力与公众和地方机构沟通,这些群体可能没有能力或无法接触到必不可少的公共卫生服务。

一个很大的障碍是,我的学生都分散到了各地。我们通过Zoom连线,也会通过Zoom上三个小时的课程。这是个全新的尝试,我们看看效果怎么样吧。当然了,最好是让大家一起坐在教室里,这样我就能看到大家的反应,一眼就能发现哪个学生没有听懂。

费城的学校停课后,您的居家生活有什么变化?

我有4个孩子,分别是16岁、14岁、8岁和5岁。我是个流行病学家,所以他们以前就听我提起过冠状病毒。从1月份开始,我就在给他们做心理准备,告诉他们不久之后大家可能要一直待在家里,而且要在家里上学。孩子们在心理准备上可能有一定的优势吧。

其实我现在非常忙,我要和同事以及需要帮助的亲朋好友通话,还要接受媒体采访。很多时候我都在打电话或者通过Zoom连线。孩子们经常要自己照顾自己。当然年纪大的孩子在这方面做得很好,学校也在积极地为他们提供在线教育。但针对幼儿的教学节目要少得多。他们会在电子设备上花很长时间,有时我妈妈会在线上给他们做辅导。我姑姑也是教育工作者,她准备了一些艺术课题,打算给他们远程上课。她住在圣菲,我家住在费城,我们准备和我住在伦敦的兄弟一家人一起做这项工作。至于孩子们实际能学到多少,我尽量不抱太大的希望。高质量的互动应该能给他们带来一些帮助。儿童的适应性很强,他们会在学校复课后重新跟上学习进度的。

我们家现在有点乱,脏衣服已经堆得老高了。今天早上我下楼去开会,发现一个孩子拿冰淇淋三明治当早餐,另一个则在吃冰淇淋甜筒。说真的,我不在乎。换个角度想想,我现在关心的是让家里人、让我们社区和这个世界上尽可能多的人身体健康,平平安安。

有些人想知道疫情还会持续多久,您想对他们说些什么?

大家对未来充满了担忧。我只想说,总有一天生活会走上正轨的。现在我们最好只关注当下,而不是设想两个星期或两个月之后的事儿。情况会发生变化,现在可能很难做出的决定,比如6月份我应该去参加表亲的婚礼吗?到了6月,问题可能会迎刃而解。现在不要去想6月的事情,认真过好这个月就可以了。多想一想现在要做的事。

在这段非常时期里,您有什么建议与大家分享吗?

我希望所有人都尽可能对自己宽容一些、灵活一些。因为挑战才刚刚开始,不论是谁都不容易。现在我对工作效率的期望值很低,对自己、对别人都是如此。眼下要关心你爱的人,也就是要尽可能多地待在家里。待在家里真的可以挽救生命。既然这是我们可以控制的,我们就应该拼命控制住它。请大家待在家里。(财富中文网)

译者:智竑

卡罗琳·坎努西奥在布朗大学读本科时就开始了自己的职业生涯。她的专业是流行病学,当时艾滋病毒/艾滋病刚开始流行,而这也促使她继续前往哈佛大学攻读公共卫生专业博士学位。这位社会流行病学家如今在宾夕法尼亚大学佩雷尔曼医学院担任家庭医学和社区卫生学副教授,她负责研究以往的流行病,目前正在讲授一门关于流行病、应急响应和环境威胁的课程。

自今年年初新冠肺炎疫情爆发以来,坎努西奥花了不少时间敦促费城及周边的社区采取社交疏离措施,以减缓病毒的传播。

《财富》邀请坎努西奥谈了谈新冠疫情对她的生活产生了哪些影响,比如怎样给学生授课、在家教育子女(包括做早餐)有何心得,以及在这段非常时期里,她对我们每个人有什么建议。

《财富》:疫情爆发之前,您平时的生活是怎么样的?

坎努西奥:我常说,我拥有世界上最好的工作。它能让我一个人静静地思考、做教学工作,还能与社区形成紧密的联系。我还有一间实验室。我们会开展社区联动的研究项目,通常与公共图书馆合作,解决重大的社区健康问题。就在意大利爆发新冠疫情的前几天,我们团队刚刚向美国国家卫生研究院提交了一项拨款申请,致力于在全国范围内建立图书馆网络,提高图书馆应对药物过量问题的能力。我们申请了一笔巨额拨款,这是我要求的最大的一笔拨款,其中涉及到许多协调工作和团队合作。

通常我会坐在办公室里,我们在宾大的团队每天都会一起做午饭。这儿有一只快煲电压力锅和一只电磁炉,时间充裕的话,我们会煮红扁豆汤、做咖喱菜或炒菜之类。大家做完好吃的,就一起坐下来吃饭,这个习惯我们已经保持了两年了。有时候会有很多文案工作需要处理,我们几个人就会离开办公室找个安静的地方,集中精力把稿子写完。

这些年来,我做了许多公共卫生领域的工作,特别是在保护弱势群体和减少城市卫生差距方面。但我的教学重点其实是流行病学概论,也就是公共卫生领域的基础科学。我还在教一门关于流行病、应急响应和环境科学的课程,所以我特别希望大家从以往的危机中汲取教训,让我们做得更好。

这也紧扣了当前的形势。

没错,我们在课堂上做了很多模拟练习,预演了发生危机时需要做出的决定。就在几周前,我们假设宾大校园里出现了流感大流行。宾大应该怎样处理学生住宿问题?怎样为学生提供餐饮服务?宾大应该如何重新安排考试时间,医学生的医师执照考试又该怎么办?你瞧,现在医学院的学生都不来学校上课了,他们的医师执照考试第一阶段已经取消,学生也被要求搬出了宿舍。

我们做这些模拟演练,是为了让大家全盘考虑所有受疫情影响的群体,思考各种不同的策略,管控人类健康风险,实行干预措施以降低经济损失,加强与公众的沟通,减少歧视和恐慌。我们讨论了可以用来帮助家庭应对疫情的策略、流行病或突发事件造成的负面政治影响,以及医疗系统和所有医护人员会受到的冲击。这些问题我们都涉及到了。而现在,所有学生都认识到了提前规划的重要性,那么在遇到类似的危机时,我们就知道所有关键问题都已经照顾到了。

您现在的工作状态是怎么样的?

过去几周里,我一直在向公众和媒体宣传,敦促人们尽快采取社交疏离措施,并主张当局及早制定相关政策,将“社交疏离”落实到位。我花了大量精力与公众和地方机构沟通,这些群体可能没有能力或无法接触到必不可少的公共卫生服务。

一个很大的障碍是,我的学生都分散到了各地。我们通过Zoom连线,也会通过Zoom上三个小时的课程。这是个全新的尝试,我们看看效果怎么样吧。当然了,最好是让大家一起坐在教室里,这样我就能看到大家的反应,一眼就能发现哪个学生没有听懂。

费城的学校停课后,您的居家生活有什么变化?

我有4个孩子,分别是16岁、14岁、8岁和5岁。我是个流行病学家,所以他们以前就听我提起过冠状病毒。从1月份开始,我就在给他们做心理准备,告诉他们不久之后大家可能要一直待在家里,而且要在家里上学。孩子们在心理准备上可能有一定的优势吧。

其实我现在非常忙,我要和同事以及需要帮助的亲朋好友通话,还要接受媒体采访。很多时候我都在打电话或者通过Zoom连线。孩子们经常要自己照顾自己。当然年纪大的孩子在这方面做得很好,学校也在积极地为他们提供在线教育。但针对幼儿的教学节目要少得多。他们会在电子设备上花很长时间,有时我妈妈会在线上给他们做辅导。我姑姑也是教育工作者,她准备了一些艺术课题,打算给他们远程上课。她住在圣菲,我家住在费城,我们准备和我住在伦敦的兄弟一家人一起做这项工作。至于孩子们实际能学到多少,我尽量不抱太大的希望。高质量的互动应该能给他们带来一些帮助。儿童的适应性很强,他们会在学校复课后重新跟上学习进度的。

我们家现在有点乱,脏衣服已经堆得老高了。今天早上我下楼去开会,发现一个孩子拿冰淇淋三明治当早餐,另一个则在吃冰淇淋甜筒。说真的,我不在乎。换个角度想想,我现在关心的是让家里人、让我们社区和这个世界上尽可能多的人身体健康,平平安安。

有些人想知道疫情还会持续多久,您想对他们说些什么?

大家对未来充满了担忧。我只想说,总有一天生活会走上正轨的。现在我们最好只关注当下,而不是设想两个星期或两个月之后的事儿。情况会发生变化,现在可能很难做出的决定,比如6月份我应该去参加表亲的婚礼吗?到了6月,问题可能会迎刃而解。现在不要去想6月的事情,认真过好这个月就可以了。多想一想现在要做的事。

在这段非常时期里,您有什么建议与大家分享吗?

我希望所有人都尽可能对自己宽容一些、灵活一些。因为挑战才刚刚开始,不论是谁都不容易。现在我对工作效率的期望值很低,对自己、对别人都是如此。眼下要关心你爱的人,也就是要尽可能多地待在家里。待在家里真的可以挽救生命。既然这是我们可以控制的,我们就应该拼命控制住它。请大家待在家里。(财富中文网)

译者:智竑

Carolyn Cannuscio began her career as an undergraduate at Brown University, studying epidemiology during the early days of HIV/AIDS, which inspired her to pursue a doctorate in public health at Harvard. The social epidemiologist is an associate professor of family medicine and community health at the University of Pennsylvania’s Perelman School of Medicine, where she studies prior epidemics and currently teaches a class on epidemics, emergencies, and environmental threats.

Since the outbreak of the coronavirus earlier this year, Cannuscio has spent time urging communities in Philadelphia and beyond to implement social distancing measures in an attempt to slow the spread of the disease.

Fortune spoke with Cannuscio for a new series, The Coronavirus Economy, to ask about how the outbreak of COVID-19 has affected her life, including how she’s teaching her students, what homeschooling (and breakfast) looks like for her own children, and the advice she has for everyone trying to get through an unprecedented time.

Fortune: What did your day-to-day life look like before the outbreak?

Cannuscio: I have often said that I have the best job in the world. It’s a great combination of solo thinking, teaching, and outreach in the community. I also have a lab. We do community-engaged research projects, often in conjunction with public libraries, to address important community health issues. Just days before the outbreak in Italy, my team was submitting a grant to the National Institutes of Health to build a network of libraries across the country to work on improving overdose-reversal capacity at libraries. We had put in this huge grant, the biggest grant I’ve ever put in, and that involves a lot of hunkering down and working together with the team.

Typically, I’m in the office—our team at Penn cooks lunch together everyday. We have an Instant Pot and we have an induction cook plate, so on our good days, we’re making things like red lentil soup, curry, or a stir fry. We make delicious food, and we take time to sit and eat together, and we've been doing that everyday for two years. When we really have a lot of writing to do, we might go hole up someplace quiet, with just a few of us, to get the writing done without the distraction of the office.

I’ve done lots of different public health work over the years, especially on vulnerable populations and urban health disparities, but my teaching has really focused on an introduction to epidemiology, which is the basic science of public health. I also teach a course on epidemics, emergencies, and environmental threats, so my interest there is really in trying to carry forward lessons from prior crises so that we can do better.

So perfectly relevant to current events.

Yes, we do a lot of tabletop exercises in the class where we practice what kinds of decisions would be made in simulated crises. Just a few weeks ago, we were doing an exercise about an outbreak of pandemic flu on Penn’s campus. How should Penn handle housing for the students? Feeding students? What should Penn do about rescheduling exams, and about medical students who had their Step exams? Lo and behold, now our medical students are no longer in school, and their Step 1 exam was canceled, and students have been asked to move out of the dorms.

We do these simulations to try to get people to think holistically about all the groups that are affected in an epidemic, and to think about the different strategies that could be used to manage risks to human health, that could be used to intervene to reduce the economic toll, and that could be used to better communicate with the public, and reduce stigma and panic. We talk about strategies that could be used to try to help families cope, political fallout from epidemics or emergencies, and impact on hospital systems and all members of the health care team. We really think about all of these issues, and right now, all of my students are recognizing that it is important to go through that kind of planning so that we know we’re attending to all the major issues when a crisis like this happens.

What does your job look like now?

In the past few weeks, I’ve been focused on communicating to the public and to the press about the urgent need for social distancing measures, and for policies that would enable social distancing to happen. I put a lot of my energy into communicating to the public and local organizations that might not have the capacity or connections to public health that they would need.

One of the major disruptions is that my students are scattered to the wind. We’re connecting with Zoom meetings, and we are having our three-hour classes over Zoom. That’s a very new experiment—we’ll see how it goes. Of course, it’s preferable to be able to be with people together in the same room, and it’s easier for me to read the room when I’m with people, so that I can see who looks confused.

With schools closed in Philadelphia, how has life changed at home?

I have four children, they are 16, 14, eight, and five. Because I’m an epidemiologist, they have heard me talking about the coronavirus. Since January, I’ve been preparing them for the concept that there might come a time when we would have to stay at home all the time, and that we might have to do school at home. So my kids might have had some advantage in terms of their mental preparation for this day.

I’m actually extremely busy right now on the telephone with colleagues, with friends and family who need help, with journalists, and so I’m on the phone or on Zoom a lot. So my children are often fending for themselves. Of course, the older kids are doing well with that, and their school is also doing a very good job at ramping up online education for them. For the younger children, there’s much less programming. They are doing a lot of screen time, interspersed with some virtual homeschool with my mom. And my aunt, who’s an educator, is prepping some art projects that she’s going to do remotely with them. She’s in Santa Fe, we’re in Philadelphia, and we’re going to do that with my brother’s family in London. I’m trying not to have very high expectations for how much actual instruction they’ll get. I’m trying to believe that a little bit of high-quality interaction will help, and that children are very resilient, and they’ll pick up where they left off when school resumes.

Our house looks a little bit messy right now, and the laundry is piled high. And I came downstairs for a meeting this morning, and one child was eating an ice cream sandwich for breakfast, and one child was eating an ice cream cone, and I just have to say, I really don’t care. Put it in perspective. All I care about right now is keeping the greatest number of people healthy and alive here in my own households, and in our community and in our world.

What do you say to people who want to know how long this will last?

People have lots of concerns about the future. I just want them to know that at some time in the future, we will get back to a sense of equilibrium. For now, it’s better to just focus on today rather than trying to anticipate two weeks from now or two months from now. Circumstances will change, and decisions that feel very difficult to make now—should I go to my cousin’s wedding in June?—may be made for us in June. Don’t think about June right now. Just keep yourself in March. Think about what you have to do right now.

What advice can you share during such an unprecedented time?

I encourage every other human being to try to be as forgiving and flexible with themselves as they possibly can be. Because we’ve only just begun, and it’s not an easy time for anyone. I have low expectations for productivity right now, for myself and for others. Right now, care for the people you love, and that means staying at home as much as possible. We really can save lives by staying at home. It’s one of the things we can control, so we should control the hell out of it. Stay home.

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