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瑞幸事件入选全球十大年度商业丑闻

那些电影都拍不出来的情节。

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在普通年份,人们很难忘却那些最不堪的企业丑闻以及最糟糕的高管渎职行为。然而在2020年,很多人发现自己的经济已是如此之拮据,以至于都难以回想起过去12个月中都发生了哪些不端事件。为此,《财富》编辑汇编了今年10大最奇怪、最有看点、最吸引眼球的商业丑闻。

Nikola的滑行门事件

可能受声名狼藉的血液检测公司Theranos的鼓舞,一直以来,氢燃料电动卡车初创企业Nikola有点过于相信口头禅“一直装到成功为止”。做空公司Hindenburg Research在9月称,Nikola及其首席执行官特雷弗·米尔顿对于其技术做出了一系列不实宣传,其中包括2016年展示行驶状态Nikola货运卡车的宣传视频,这段处理过的视频实际上是卡车在一个长斜坡上向下滑行。

Nikola随后承认了上述内容。然而,公司厚颜无耻地称,自己并未欺骗,因为公司当时将视频描述为用于展示“行驶中”的车辆,从字面上来讲没有问题,即便行驶的动力源于引力而非氢燃料。尽管如此,米尔顿很快便自食其果,辞去了首席执行官一职。

对于企业丑闻的粉丝来说,这件事的真正叫绝之处在于,Hindenburg发布这一报告时,通用汽车两天前刚宣布了与Nikola之间的重大合作计划(这个时间点的确有助于Hindenburg通过做空大赚一笔)。根据该计划,通用汽车将成为Nikola的大股东,并制造Nikola计划推出的Badger电动皮卡。在应对这件不怎么光彩的事情上,通用汽车倒是显得异常从容,公司直到11月底才宣布直接退出这项计划。

Nikola股价在6月达到了79.73美元的峰值,今日的股价不到17美元。——David Z.Morris

Wirecard的崩塌

Wirecard的故事可谓是二合一式的丑闻。前首席执行官马库斯·布劳恩似乎认为这家金融服务公司账上有21亿美元莫须有的资金,并借此在各种活动中粉饰自家的形象。公司在6月破产,投资者损失了数十亿美元。另一个丑闻在于,尽管多年来外界一直在释放警告信号,但监管方和审计方均未能发现这个即将到来的灾难。前检察官、舞弊审核师协会会长布鲁斯·多瑞斯说:“当你看到已发生事件的规模之后,Wirecard简直就是德国的安然。”

如今已经破产解体的Wirecard是欧洲知名的金融科技公司,致力于在全球提供移动支付和银行服务。公司创建于1999年,在2002年几近破产,当时,毕马威前咨询师布劳恩对其进行了注资,并成为了公司的首席执行官。该公司进行了扩张,上了市,吸引到了新资本,并保持了增长。

其成功超过了金融业务的增长。Wirecard还是德国和欧洲的骄傲,这家看似欣欣向荣的国际化公司所在的这个重要新行业一直由中国和美国初创企业把持。Wirecard火箭般的增速于2018年达到了高潮,当时,投资者给出了240亿欧元的估值(约合270亿美元),而且公司还闯入了德国上层商业圈,成为了DAX股指的30名成员之一。

然而,有些事情并不对劲。外部人士,尤其是《金融时报》记者丹·麦克鲁姆自2015年以来一直发现Wirecard的账户存在不符的问题。Wirecard总会强烈地否认公司存在任何问题,然而外界的质疑声并未断绝。2019年,德国市场监管机构德国联邦金融监管局展开了调查,不过不是针对Wirecard,而是《金融时报》。当新加坡警察在1个月后突袭Wirecard办公室时,德国联邦金融监管局下令在两个月内禁止对Wirecard股票进行做空操作。

局势于去年6月发展到了关键时刻,当时Wirecard宣布,公司账上的19亿欧元(约合21亿美元)“消失了”。布劳恩火速辞职。公司很快宣布了“一个普遍存在的可能性”,也就是消失的资金“并不存在”。布劳恩在第二天遭到逮捕,而且一直处于关押之中。公司股价曾一度达到了191欧元(约合233美元),最近只有0.43欧元(约合52美分)。

欧洲议会发布的一则报告将Wirecard的崩塌称之为“欧洲资本市场可能具有重大影响力的事件”,应引发金融市场监管的零售改革。安然的倒塌催生了《萨班斯-奥克斯利法案》。如果WireCard丑闻能够引发类似的反应,那么它至少还能发挥一点作用。

瑞幸咖啡的财务泡沫

对于瑞幸来说,不幸的是好运很快就用光了。这家初创咖啡连锁店成立于2017年10月,很显然,它以迅雷般的发展之势取代了星巴克,在年初成为了中国最大的现磨咖啡巨头。然而,公司随后对账目疯狂造假的供认不讳说明:公司梦想中的抱负——咖啡因热,也就是让喝茶的民族喜爱上咖啡,基本都是镜花水月。

作为中国最年轻、最炙手可热的所谓独角兽初创企业,总部位于北京的瑞幸将自己宣传成一家科技公司而不是一家美化了的咖啡业务。瑞幸吸引人们通过其移动应用预订外带饮品和送货饮品。公司推出了大量的折扣,以及“免费”赠饮券,将其饮品的价格削减至市场价格的约三分之一。与任何好的初创企业一样,高管们更看重增长而不是利润。

在一段时间内,这项策略十分奏效。到2018年底,也就是其成立一年多一点的时间,瑞幸门店数超过了2000家,而且私人投资者给出了20亿美元的估值。截至2019年5月,公司筹集了5.61亿美元,并以42亿美元的估值在纳斯达克上市。2020年初,在貌似从星巴克三重皇冠中夺走了中国市场咖啡皇冠之后(按门店数衡量,瑞幸4500家,星巴克4300家),其估值达到了120亿美元的历史新高。

随后,有关瑞幸造假的指控出现了。瑞幸一开始对美国知名做空公司Muddy Water发布于1月31日的报告予以否认,该报告指控瑞幸对销售额造假。然而数周后,也就是4月2日,瑞幸对此供认不讳,承认有3.1亿美元的收入属于造假,占到了其2019年披露营收的很大一部分。瑞幸承认夸大了这一数字,其股票也遭到退市,领导团队也进行了重组。12月,瑞幸以1.8亿美元的金额与美国证券交易委员会达成了和解。

瑞幸最近任命的董事长兼首席执行官郭谨一在一则声明中表示,该交易“反映了我们的配合与补救措施,能够让公司继续执行其商业策略。”他补充说,公司“致力于打造一个强有力的内部财务管控系统,并将采用合规与公司治理领域的最佳实践。”

Twitter的安全错误

2020年7月15日下午,一系列日渐知名的Twitter账户,包括艾伦·马斯克,金·卡戴珊和巴拉克·奥巴马的账号似乎变得有点奇怪,均发出了一则简单的比特币骗局。Twitter不得不关闭了所有已验证账户的推送内容,而自己则在加紧寻找安全漏洞。

劫持这些账户的是不是俄罗斯的精英黑客团队?还是具有国家背景的朝鲜特工?都不是。佛罗里达州一位名为格拉汉姆·伊万的无聊青少年及其几位朋友通过电话玩弄了Twitter的一名雇员,并让这位雇员吐露了重设账户密码和邮件地址所需的认证信息。克拉克数周之后遭到了逮捕,而且正在等待庭审。旧金山安全公司SocialProof Security首席执行官雷切尔·托巴克说:“这是教科书中最古老的把戏。”

Twitter开始限制拥有这类权限的雇员人数,并采取了其他措施来加强安全举措。公司还发布了一篇综合报告,介绍了此次事件是如何发生的。托巴克说,此举帮助提升了很多公司在这一方面的认识,并改善了其培训,以防止出现进一步的“社交改造”黑客事件。“人员是第一道防线。”——Aaron Pressman

特斯拉抵抗封锁令

电动汽车制造商特斯拉在2020年大大超出了人们的预期。一开始是远超预期的新冠疫情前第一季度营收,然后是公司借此挤入了标普500指数。然而,首席执行官艾伦·马斯克对加州控制新冠病毒疫情举措的反应倒是让其公司的光环暗淡了不少。

第一轮抵抗出现在4月,当时特斯拉试图通过呼吁员工回到其弗雷蒙特工厂来抵抗封锁令,但却遭到了阿拉梅达郡官员的阻止。数天之后,在公布该季度惊艳业绩的4月营收电话会议上,马斯克将加州封锁令描述为“法西斯”的言辞让一众投资者和分析师感到震惊。随后,30万美国人死于新冠疫情的事实让这一言辞听起来更为糟糕。

5月9日,特斯拉为摆脱封锁令而提起了诉讼,并有理有据地指出该令与阿拉梅达郡将特斯拉划分为“必要企业”的声明相冲突。然而数天之后,特斯拉在没有获得许可的情况下直接重新开始生产。阿拉梅达郡官员似乎对马斯克这种自由主义式反抗让步了,并于5月13日宣布将批准特斯拉重启工厂的计划,但特斯拉在此之前便已经重启。

随后,有人称工厂的环境存在安全隐患,包括口罩佩戴要求执行松懈,而且特斯拉的员工几乎马上就检测出了新冠病毒阳性。马斯克似乎想证明自己既能够投身于应对气候变化,又能够悄然无息地扮演詹姆斯·邦德电影中的反派人物,他对员工说,如果他们担心健康安全问题,他们可以待在家,但随后就向一些待在家中的员工送去了劳动合同终止书。——David Z. Morris

麦当劳的花边新闻

2019年底,麦当劳首席执行官史蒂夫·伊斯特布鲁克因与下属的色情短信被炒了鱿鱼,公司当时将其称之为自愿关系。伊斯特布鲁克在当时向员工发送的一封邮件中说:“有鉴于公司的价值,我同意董事会的决定,离开公司的时候到了。”

自那之后,事情变得越发混乱。8月,麦当劳向伊斯特布鲁克提起诉讼,称其在被公司开除一年之前与麦当劳的三名女雇员存在性关系,并批准向其中一名女性发放了数十万美元的股票。麦当劳还称,伊斯特布鲁克在最初的调查期间隐藏了证据,从其手机删除了邮件。有鉴于这些所谓的新发现,麦当劳认为这些导致公司做出了开除伊斯特布鲁克的决定,而且伊斯特布鲁克应返还其遣散费。伊斯特布鲁克反击称,麦当劳对于股票奖励是知情的,而且在协商其遣散费之时也掌握伊斯特布鲁克其他几段关系的信息。

该诉讼仍在进行当中,但很明显,在麦当劳试图与其前首席执行官的行为划清界限之时,麦当劳愿意以一种美国企业界少见的方式,将其家丑公布于众。——Beth Kowitt

薪酬保护项目欺诈

从绝大多数指标来讲,这个称之为薪酬保护项目、价值6700亿美元的庞大计划是美国历史上规模最大的小企业援助计划,也是联邦政府历史罕见疫情应对举措的一个里程碑,全美众多小企业主在这次疫情中受到了毁灭性打击。

然而,就在其作为2.2万亿《冠状病毒援助、救济和经济安全法案》的一部分推出9个月之后,该项目迅速成为了政府干预最令人诟病缺点的代名词,也就是浪费、贪污和造假。批评家称这一切源于特朗普政府的管理不当和缺乏透明度。

薪酬保护项目欺诈案例可谓是不在少数,而且层出不穷,从声称收到800多万美元政府资金的冒牌佛罗里达州政府部门,到声称挥霍近100万美元薪酬保护项目资金投资加密货币的德州男士。这些案例似乎只是冰山一角;有人称,即便没有数十亿美元,也有数亿美元的纳税人资金可能通过薪酬保护项目被欺诈性地挪作他用,而且政府监察部门也承认了存在“广泛的潜在欺诈和滥用”可能性。

特朗普政府自身则称,该项目成功地将5200多亿美元发放给了约520万家美国企业,从而让众多公司能够在严重的经济不景气期间挽救工作岗位,给工人开饷。但即便属于合法发放,该项目也存在明显的漏洞。小企业协会最近发布的数据显示,超过一半以上的薪酬保护项目资金都流向了不到5%的接收者,超过四分之一流向了不到1%的接收者,在这个一边倒的资金发放项目中,资金充足的大型上市公司成为了受益者之一。

此外,有充分的证据表明,很多小企业,由其是少数族裔持有的企业(受疫情冲击尤为严重的企业),未能通过该项目获取其所需的资金。与此同时,有钱的名人和有关系的政客则发现,获取自己所需的资金犹如探囊取物。

正如一家政府监管机构所说的那样:“从根本上来讲,特朗普政府推出的这个项目不仅设计十分拙劣,而且经营也不到位。”——Rey Mashayekhi

富国银行

富国银行是2020年最大的商业丑闻?那不是2016年的事吗?

事实上,准确来讲,丑闻始于2016年。4年后,丑闻竟然愈演愈烈,值得我们为其颁发商业丑闻里的特别成就奖,也因此在我们的清单中占据了一席之地。

丑闻始于2016年9月8日,当时有消息传出,富国银行创建了200多万个假账户,而且将支付1.85亿美元的罚金。这则惊人的发现立刻成为了新闻头条,数周之后,国会多个委员会举行了听证会,而首席执行官约翰·斯顿夫突然退休。由于支付了罚金而且更换了领导层,麻烦似乎很快就能得到解决,但事实并非如此。

让我们快进到2020年:1月,斯顿夫同意因其在丑闻中扮演的角色,向美国货币监理署支付1750万美元的罚金,同时,监理署还向其他五名前任高管开出了3750万美元的罚单。富国银行在2月同意支付30亿美元来解决联邦有关丑闻的刑事及民事调查。美国检察官安德鲁·穆瑞说:“有鉴于富国银行非法行径惊人的规模、范围和时限,这个金额是合理的。”11月,斯顿夫同意向美国证券交易委员会支付250万美元的罚金。美国证券交易委员会还起诉了加里·托尔斯特德,他在假账户创建期间担任富国银行零售银行业务的负责人。

这些只是该事件在2020年的主要进展。在这期间,丑闻愈演愈烈,而不是大事化小。该银行发现其创建了350万个假账户,而不是200万个。它还发现,自己向80多万名车贷客户征收了这些客户并不需要或甚至不知道的保险费用(罚金10亿美元,集体诉讼和解费用约4亿美元)。

最严重的损失在于,美联储于2018年禁止富国银行的资产规模超过其2017年年底1.95万亿美元的水平,这个制裁可谓是史无前例。这也是丑闻爆出后富国银行业绩远低于标普500企业以及其他几家大银行(摩根大通、美国银行、花期)的主要原因。

富国银行2月与司法部门的和解包括一份延期的检控协议,取决于该银行“继续配合政府的进一步调查”。进一步调查?4年之后,这个史诗级的丑闻还远没有画上句号。——Geoff Colvin

eBay发起攻击

2019年8月,在线零售博客eCommerce Bytes创始人伊娜和大卫·斯坦恩夫妇遭到了各种形式的骚扰:邮寄至家中的奇怪威胁物品,包括一个血淋淋的猪脸面具,活蜘蛛和蟑螂,色情照片和一本有关悼念一对夫妇的书;昂贵的深夜比萨外卖订单;以及Craigslist的广告,内容是举行时髦人士舞会,以及房产销售,地址就是这对夫妇的住址。

住在马萨诸塞州纳迪克的这对夫妇向警察报告了这些事件。直到这对夫妇发现有人开车监视和跟踪他们之后,警局才开始有了线索,《华尔街日报》称,两辆不同的车都是租的,承租方是eBay员工。刑事调查发现eBay内部一直对这两位博主存在敌意,因为他们有时候在其报道中经常批评eBay。

FBI的一份口供显示,前eBay首席沟通官史蒂夫·维莫在2019年4月阅读了eCommerce Bytes有关eBay时任首席执行官德文·温尼格薪资的一篇贴文,然后向温尼格发信息说:“我们会往死里整她。”这位女士指的就是作者伊娜·斯坦恩。

温尼格和维莫于2019年9月离开了公司。《财富》阿隆·普利斯曼在年初有关该丑闻的一份摘要中写道,eBay在一份声明中指出,“尽管温尼格并没有授权开展骚扰活动,但其有关博客‘不恰当的沟通’是‘导致其离开公司的多个原因之一’。”

在彭博获取的另一份声明中,eBay称,“公司和eBay现有任何员工都未受到指控”,而且eBay“在2019年8月便收到执法部门的通知,称其安保人员对一名报道eBay公司的博主及其丈夫实施了可疑行径。”公司称在2019年9月“开除了所有涉事员工”。

调查员发现,策划这一事件的团伙使用了预付借记卡、一次性手机、匿名邮箱账号以及VPN软件,以隐匿其身份,并删除信息记录。9月,在6名据称涉嫌此案的个人中,有四位承认参与了这一事件,并很快就密谋网络跟踪以及密谋贿赂证人认罪。——Lydia Belanger

卡洛斯·戈恩

从理论上来讲,卡洛斯·戈恩是在2019年12月29日登上了从家前往东京的高速列车(他在东京面临着有关其财务违规的指控,而且可免费保释)。然而直到1月初,有关戈恩逃离其所称的“被操纵的日本司法系统”的全部细节才开始出现在各大媒体的报道中。搭乘火车应该是其逃亡黎巴嫩的第一步,而且似乎照搬了好莱坞的电影桥段。在一名前特种部队人员的帮助下,戈恩藏在了一个用于运输音响设备的箱子中,然后登上了飞往伊斯坦布尔的私人飞机,随后换乘了一架小飞机,来到了贝鲁特(他在黎巴嫩有一个家,而且无需面临日本的引渡条款)。

有关戈恩冒险故事的最令人吃惊的事情是什么?那就是1月份我们很多人都天真地认为这件事必然将成为2020年年度商业故事的事实。——Lee Clifford(财富中文网)

译者:冯丰

审校:夏林

在普通年份,人们很难忘却那些最不堪的企业丑闻以及最糟糕的高管渎职行为。然而在2020年,很多人发现自己的经济已是如此之拮据,以至于都难以回想起过去12个月中都发生了哪些不端事件。为此,《财富》编辑汇编了今年10大最奇怪、最有看点、最吸引眼球的商业丑闻。

Nikola的滑行门事件

可能受声名狼藉的血液检测公司Theranos的鼓舞,一直以来,氢燃料电动卡车初创企业Nikola有点过于相信口头禅“一直装到成功为止”。做空公司Hindenburg Research在9月称,Nikola及其首席执行官特雷弗·米尔顿对于其技术做出了一系列不实宣传,其中包括2016年展示行驶状态Nikola货运卡车的宣传视频,这段处理过的视频实际上是卡车在一个长斜坡上向下滑行。

Nikola随后承认了上述内容。然而,公司厚颜无耻地称,自己并未欺骗,因为公司当时将视频描述为用于展示“行驶中”的车辆,从字面上来讲没有问题,即便行驶的动力源于引力而非氢燃料。尽管如此,米尔顿很快便自食其果,辞去了首席执行官一职。

对于企业丑闻的粉丝来说,这件事的真正叫绝之处在于,Hindenburg发布这一报告时,通用汽车两天前刚宣布了与Nikola之间的重大合作计划(这个时间点的确有助于Hindenburg通过做空大赚一笔)。根据该计划,通用汽车将成为Nikola的大股东,并制造Nikola计划推出的Badger电动皮卡。在应对这件不怎么光彩的事情上,通用汽车倒是显得异常从容,公司直到11月底才宣布直接退出这项计划。

Nikola股价在6月达到了79.73美元的峰值,今日的股价不到17美元。——David Z.Morris

Wirecard的崩塌

Wirecard的故事可谓是二合一式的丑闻。前首席执行官马库斯·布劳恩似乎认为这家金融服务公司账上有21亿美元莫须有的资金,并借此在各种活动中粉饰自家的形象。公司在6月破产,投资者损失了数十亿美元。另一个丑闻在于,尽管多年来外界一直在释放警告信号,但监管方和审计方均未能发现这个即将到来的灾难。前检察官、舞弊审核师协会会长布鲁斯·多瑞斯说:“当你看到已发生事件的规模之后,Wirecard简直就是德国的安然。”

如今已经破产解体的Wirecard是欧洲知名的金融科技公司,致力于在全球提供移动支付和银行服务。公司创建于1999年,在2002年几近破产,当时,毕马威前咨询师布劳恩对其进行了注资,并成为了公司的首席执行官。该公司进行了扩张,上了市,吸引到了新资本,并保持了增长。

其成功超过了金融业务的增长。Wirecard还是德国和欧洲的骄傲,这家看似欣欣向荣的国际化公司所在的这个重要新行业一直由中国和美国初创企业把持。Wirecard火箭般的增速于2018年达到了高潮,当时,投资者给出了240亿欧元的估值(约合270亿美元),而且公司还闯入了德国上层商业圈,成为了DAX股指的30名成员之一。

然而,有些事情并不对劲。外部人士,尤其是《金融时报》记者丹·麦克鲁姆自2015年以来一直发现Wirecard的账户存在不符的问题。Wirecard总会强烈地否认公司存在任何问题,然而外界的质疑声并未断绝。2019年,德国市场监管机构德国联邦金融监管局展开了调查,不过不是针对Wirecard,而是《金融时报》。当新加坡警察在1个月后突袭Wirecard办公室时,德国联邦金融监管局下令在两个月内禁止对Wirecard股票进行做空操作。

局势于去年6月发展到了关键时刻,当时Wirecard宣布,公司账上的19亿欧元(约合21亿美元)“消失了”。布劳恩火速辞职。公司很快宣布了“一个普遍存在的可能性”,也就是消失的资金“并不存在”。布劳恩在第二天遭到逮捕,而且一直处于关押之中。公司股价曾一度达到了191欧元(约合233美元),最近只有0.43欧元(约合52美分)。

欧洲议会发布的一则报告将Wirecard的崩塌称之为“欧洲资本市场可能具有重大影响力的事件”,应引发金融市场监管的零售改革。安然的倒塌催生了《萨班斯-奥克斯利法案》。如果WireCard丑闻能够引发类似的反应,那么它至少还能发挥一点作用。

瑞幸咖啡的财务泡沫

对于瑞幸来说,不幸的是好运很快就用光了。这家初创咖啡连锁店成立于2017年10月,很显然,它以迅雷般的发展之势取代了星巴克,在年初成为了中国最大的现磨咖啡巨头。然而,公司随后对账目疯狂造假的供认不讳说明:公司梦想中的抱负——咖啡因热,也就是让喝茶的民族喜爱上咖啡,基本都是镜花水月。

作为中国最年轻、最炙手可热的所谓独角兽初创企业,总部位于北京的瑞幸将自己宣传成一家科技公司而不是一家美化了的咖啡业务。瑞幸吸引人们通过其移动应用预订外带饮品和送货饮品。公司推出了大量的折扣,以及“免费”赠饮券,将其饮品的价格削减至市场价格的约三分之一。与任何好的初创企业一样,高管们更看重增长而不是利润。

在一段时间内,这项策略十分奏效。到2018年底,也就是其成立一年多一点的时间,瑞幸门店数超过了2000家,而且私人投资者给出了20亿美元的估值。截至2019年5月,公司筹集了5.61亿美元,并以42亿美元的估值在纳斯达克上市。2020年初,在貌似从星巴克三重皇冠中夺走了中国市场咖啡皇冠之后(按门店数衡量,瑞幸4500家,星巴克4300家),其估值达到了120亿美元的历史新高。

随后,有关瑞幸造假的指控出现了。瑞幸一开始对美国知名做空公司Muddy Water发布于1月31日的报告予以否认,该报告指控瑞幸对销售额造假。然而数周后,也就是4月2日,瑞幸对此供认不讳,承认有3.1亿美元的收入属于造假,占到了其2019年披露营收的很大一部分。瑞幸承认夸大了这一数字,其股票也遭到退市,领导团队也进行了重组。12月,瑞幸以1.8亿美元的金额与美国证券交易委员会达成了和解。

瑞幸最近任命的董事长兼首席执行官郭谨一在一则声明中表示,该交易“反映了我们的配合与补救措施,能够让公司继续执行其商业策略。”他补充说,公司“致力于打造一个强有力的内部财务管控系统,并将采用合规与公司治理领域的最佳实践。”

Twitter的安全错误

2020年7月15日下午,一系列日渐知名的Twitter账户,包括艾伦·马斯克,金·卡戴珊和巴拉克·奥巴马的账号似乎变得有点奇怪,均发出了一则简单的比特币骗局。Twitter不得不关闭了所有已验证账户的推送内容,而自己则在加紧寻找安全漏洞。

劫持这些账户的是不是俄罗斯的精英黑客团队?还是具有国家背景的朝鲜特工?都不是。佛罗里达州一位名为格拉汉姆·伊万的无聊青少年及其几位朋友通过电话玩弄了Twitter的一名雇员,并让这位雇员吐露了重设账户密码和邮件地址所需的认证信息。克拉克数周之后遭到了逮捕,而且正在等待庭审。旧金山安全公司SocialProof Security首席执行官雷切尔·托巴克说:“这是教科书中最古老的把戏。”

Twitter开始限制拥有这类权限的雇员人数,并采取了其他措施来加强安全举措。公司还发布了一篇综合报告,介绍了此次事件是如何发生的。托巴克说,此举帮助提升了很多公司在这一方面的认识,并改善了其培训,以防止出现进一步的“社交改造”黑客事件。“人员是第一道防线。”——Aaron Pressman

特斯拉抵抗封锁令

电动汽车制造商特斯拉在2020年大大超出了人们的预期。一开始是远超预期的新冠疫情前第一季度营收,然后是公司借此挤入了标普500指数。然而,首席执行官艾伦·马斯克对加州控制新冠病毒疫情举措的反应倒是让其公司的光环暗淡了不少。

第一轮抵抗出现在4月,当时特斯拉试图通过呼吁员工回到其弗雷蒙特工厂来抵抗封锁令,但却遭到了阿拉梅达郡官员的阻止。数天之后,在公布该季度惊艳业绩的4月营收电话会议上,马斯克将加州封锁令描述为“法西斯”的言辞让一众投资者和分析师感到震惊。随后,30万美国人死于新冠疫情的事实让这一言辞听起来更为糟糕。

5月9日,特斯拉为摆脱封锁令而提起了诉讼,并有理有据地指出该令与阿拉梅达郡将特斯拉划分为“必要企业”的声明相冲突。然而数天之后,特斯拉在没有获得许可的情况下直接重新开始生产。阿拉梅达郡官员似乎对马斯克这种自由主义式反抗让步了,并于5月13日宣布将批准特斯拉重启工厂的计划,但特斯拉在此之前便已经重启。

随后,有人称工厂的环境存在安全隐患,包括口罩佩戴要求执行松懈,而且特斯拉的员工几乎马上就检测出了新冠病毒阳性。马斯克似乎想证明自己既能够投身于应对气候变化,又能够悄然无息地扮演詹姆斯·邦德电影中的反派人物,他对员工说,如果他们担心健康安全问题,他们可以待在家,但随后就向一些待在家中的员工送去了劳动合同终止书。——David Z. Morris

麦当劳的花边新闻

2019年底,麦当劳首席执行官史蒂夫·伊斯特布鲁克因与下属的色情短信被炒了鱿鱼,公司当时将其称之为自愿关系。伊斯特布鲁克在当时向员工发送的一封邮件中说:“有鉴于公司的价值,我同意董事会的决定,离开公司的时候到了。”

自那之后,事情变得越发混乱。8月,麦当劳向伊斯特布鲁克提起诉讼,称其在被公司开除一年之前与麦当劳的三名女雇员存在性关系,并批准向其中一名女性发放了数十万美元的股票。麦当劳还称,伊斯特布鲁克在最初的调查期间隐藏了证据,从其手机删除了邮件。有鉴于这些所谓的新发现,麦当劳认为这些导致公司做出了开除伊斯特布鲁克的决定,而且伊斯特布鲁克应返还其遣散费。伊斯特布鲁克反击称,麦当劳对于股票奖励是知情的,而且在协商其遣散费之时也掌握伊斯特布鲁克其他几段关系的信息。

该诉讼仍在进行当中,但很明显,在麦当劳试图与其前首席执行官的行为划清界限之时,麦当劳愿意以一种美国企业界少见的方式,将其家丑公布于众。——Beth Kowitt

薪酬保护项目欺诈

从绝大多数指标来讲,这个称之为薪酬保护项目、价值6700亿美元的庞大计划是美国历史上规模最大的小企业援助计划,也是联邦政府历史罕见疫情应对举措的一个里程碑,全美众多小企业主在这次疫情中受到了毁灭性打击。

然而,就在其作为2.2万亿《冠状病毒援助、救济和经济安全法案》的一部分推出9个月之后,该项目迅速成为了政府干预最令人诟病缺点的代名词,也就是浪费、贪污和造假。批评家称这一切源于特朗普政府的管理不当和缺乏透明度。

薪酬保护项目欺诈案例可谓是不在少数,而且层出不穷,从声称收到800多万美元政府资金的冒牌佛罗里达州政府部门,到声称挥霍近100万美元薪酬保护项目资金投资加密货币的德州男士。这些案例似乎只是冰山一角;有人称,即便没有数十亿美元,也有数亿美元的纳税人资金可能通过薪酬保护项目被欺诈性地挪作他用,而且政府监察部门也承认了存在“广泛的潜在欺诈和滥用”可能性。

特朗普政府自身则称,该项目成功地将5200多亿美元发放给了约520万家美国企业,从而让众多公司能够在严重的经济不景气期间挽救工作岗位,给工人开饷。但即便属于合法发放,该项目也存在明显的漏洞。小企业协会最近发布的数据显示,超过一半以上的薪酬保护项目资金都流向了不到5%的接收者,超过四分之一流向了不到1%的接收者,在这个一边倒的资金发放项目中,资金充足的大型上市公司成为了受益者之一。

此外,有充分的证据表明,很多小企业,由其是少数族裔持有的企业(受疫情冲击尤为严重的企业),未能通过该项目获取其所需的资金。与此同时,有钱的名人和有关系的政客则发现,获取自己所需的资金犹如探囊取物。

正如一家政府监管机构所说的那样:“从根本上来讲,特朗普政府推出的这个项目不仅设计十分拙劣,而且经营也不到位。”——Rey Mashayekhi

富国银行

富国银行是2020年最大的商业丑闻?那不是2016年的事吗?

事实上,准确来讲,丑闻始于2016年。4年后,丑闻竟然愈演愈烈,值得我们为其颁发商业丑闻里的特别成就奖,也因此在我们的清单中占据了一席之地。

丑闻始于2016年9月8日,当时有消息传出,富国银行创建了200多万个假账户,而且将支付1.85亿美元的罚金。这则惊人的发现立刻成为了新闻头条,数周之后,国会多个委员会举行了听证会,而首席执行官约翰·斯顿夫突然退休。由于支付了罚金而且更换了领导层,麻烦似乎很快就能得到解决,但事实并非如此。

让我们快进到2020年:1月,斯顿夫同意因其在丑闻中扮演的角色,向美国货币监理署支付1750万美元的罚金,同时,监理署还向其他五名前任高管开出了3750万美元的罚单。富国银行在2月同意支付30亿美元来解决联邦有关丑闻的刑事及民事调查。美国检察官安德鲁·穆瑞说:“有鉴于富国银行非法行径惊人的规模、范围和时限,这个金额是合理的。”11月,斯顿夫同意向美国证券交易委员会支付250万美元的罚金。美国证券交易委员会还起诉了加里·托尔斯特德,他在假账户创建期间担任富国银行零售银行业务的负责人。

这些只是该事件在2020年的主要进展。在这期间,丑闻愈演愈烈,而不是大事化小。该银行发现其创建了350万个假账户,而不是200万个。它还发现,自己向80多万名车贷客户征收了这些客户并不需要或甚至不知道的保险费用(罚金10亿美元,集体诉讼和解费用约4亿美元)。

最严重的损失在于,美联储于2018年禁止富国银行的资产规模超过其2017年年底1.95万亿美元的水平,这个制裁可谓是史无前例。这也是丑闻爆出后富国银行业绩远低于标普500企业以及其他几家大银行(摩根大通、美国银行、花期)的主要原因。

富国银行2月与司法部门的和解包括一份延期的检控协议,取决于该银行“继续配合政府的进一步调查”。进一步调查?4年之后,这个史诗级的丑闻还远没有画上句号。——Geoff Colvin

eBay发起攻击

2019年8月,在线零售博客eCommerce Bytes创始人伊娜和大卫·斯坦恩夫妇遭到了各种形式的骚扰:邮寄至家中的奇怪威胁物品,包括一个血淋淋的猪脸面具,活蜘蛛和蟑螂,色情照片和一本有关悼念一对夫妇的书;昂贵的深夜比萨外卖订单;以及Craigslist的广告,内容是举行时髦人士舞会,以及房产销售,地址就是这对夫妇的住址。

住在马萨诸塞州纳迪克的这对夫妇向警察报告了这些事件。直到这对夫妇发现有人开车监视和跟踪他们之后,警局才开始有了线索,《华尔街日报》称,两辆不同的车都是租的,承租方是eBay员工。刑事调查发现eBay内部一直对这两位博主存在敌意,因为他们有时候在其报道中经常批评eBay。

FBI的一份口供显示,前eBay首席沟通官史蒂夫·维莫在2019年4月阅读了eCommerce Bytes有关eBay时任首席执行官德文·温尼格薪资的一篇贴文,然后向温尼格发信息说:“我们会往死里整她。”这位女士指的就是作者伊娜·斯坦恩。

温尼格和维莫于2019年9月离开了公司。《财富》阿隆·普利斯曼在年初有关该丑闻的一份摘要中写道,eBay在一份声明中指出,“尽管温尼格并没有授权开展骚扰活动,但其有关博客‘不恰当的沟通’是‘导致其离开公司的多个原因之一’。”

在彭博获取的另一份声明中,eBay称,“公司和eBay现有任何员工都未受到指控”,而且eBay“在2019年8月便收到执法部门的通知,称其安保人员对一名报道eBay公司的博主及其丈夫实施了可疑行径。”公司称在2019年9月“开除了所有涉事员工”。

调查员发现,策划这一事件的团伙使用了预付借记卡、一次性手机、匿名邮箱账号以及VPN软件,以隐匿其身份,并删除信息记录。9月,在6名据称涉嫌此案的个人中,有四位承认参与了这一事件,并很快就密谋网络跟踪以及密谋贿赂证人认罪。——Lydia Belanger

卡洛斯·戈恩

从理论上来讲,卡洛斯·戈恩是在2019年12月29日登上了从家前往东京的高速列车(他在东京面临着有关其财务违规的指控,而且可免费保释)。然而直到1月初,有关戈恩逃离其所称的“被操纵的日本司法系统”的全部细节才开始出现在各大媒体的报道中。搭乘火车应该是其逃亡黎巴嫩的第一步,而且似乎照搬了好莱坞的电影桥段。在一名前特种部队人员的帮助下,戈恩藏在了一个用于运输音响设备的箱子中,然后登上了飞往伊斯坦布尔的私人飞机,随后换乘了一架小飞机,来到了贝鲁特(他在黎巴嫩有一个家,而且无需面临日本的引渡条款)。

有关戈恩冒险故事的最令人吃惊的事情是什么?那就是1月份我们很多人都天真地认为这件事必然将成为2020年年度商业故事的事实。——Lee Clifford(财富中文网)

译者:冯丰

审校:夏林

In a normal year, the wickedest corporate scandals and worst executive malfeasance are impossible to forget. But in 2020, many of us found ourselves hard-pressed to even recall what evil acts went down over the past 12 months. To that end, Fortune's editors have rounded up the 10 strangest, juiciest, most out-there business scandals of the year.

Nikola’s roll

Perhaps inspired by infamous blood-testing firm Theranos, liquid hydrogen trucking startup Nikola has been taking the mantra “fake it ’til you make it” a bit too literally. Short-seller Hindenburg Research claimed in September that Nikola and its CEO, Trevor Milton, had made a string of misrepresentations of its technology. That included a 2016 promotional video that purported to show an operational Nikola freight truck but was in fact staged by rolling the truck down a long hill.

Nikola later confirmed that claim. But the company brazenly argued there was no deception, since the firm at the time described the video as showing the vehicle “in motion”—technically true, even if gravity was doing the work instead of hydrogen. Regardless, Milton soon fell on his sword, resigning as CEO.

For fans of corporate scandal, the truly scintillating element here is that Hindenburg’s report landed a mere two days after General Motors announced plans for a major partnership with Nikola (timing that surely helped Hindenburg profit from its short position). The deal would have seen GM take a major equity stake and manufacture Nikola’s planned Badger electric pickup. GM took its sweet time wiping the egg off its face, waiting until late November to announce that it would effectively back out of the deal.

From a June peak of $79.73, Nikola’s stock today trades at closer to $17 per share. —David Z. Morris

Wirecard’s collapse

The Wirecard saga offers two scandals in one. Former CEO Markus Braun seemed to think the financial services company had $2.1 billion that didn’t exist, to put the most charitable construction on events; the company collapsed in June and investors lost billions. The parallel scandal is the failure of regulators and auditors to spot the looming disaster despite years of warning signs. Bruce Dorris, a former prosecutor who is president of the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners, says, “When you look at the magnitude of what happened, this is the Enron of Germany.”

Wirecard, now insolvent and dismembered, was Europe’s preeminent fintech firm, offering mobile payment and banking services worldwide. Founded in 1999, it was near failure in 2002 when Braun, a former KPMG consultant, put in some capital and became CEO. The company expanded, went public, attracted new capital, and kept growing.

Its success extended beyond financial growth. Wirecard was also a source of pride for Germany and Europe, a seemingly thriving global player in an important new industry dominated by startups in China and the U.S. Its rocketlike ascent peaked in 2018, when investors valued it at 24 billion euros ($27 billion) and it joined Germany’s business aristocracy as one of the 30 members of the DAX stock index.

But something wasn’t right. Outsiders, notably journalist Dan McCrum of the Financial Times, had been finding discrepancies in Wirecard’s accounts since 2015. Wirecard always denied vehemently that anything was wrong, but the drumbeat of doubts continued. In 2019, Germany’s market supervisor, BaFin, launched an investigation—not of Wirecard, but of the Financial Times. When the Singapore police raided Wirecard’s offices there a month later, BaFin banned short-selling of Wirecard stock for two months.

Matters came to a head last June when Wirecard announced that 1.9 billion euros (about $2.1 billion) was “missing.” Braun quickly resigned. The company soon announced “a prevailing likelihood” that the missing funds "do not exist." Braun was arrested the next day and remains in custody. The stock, which once traded at 191 euros ($233), was recently at 0.43 euros (52 cents).

A report ordered by the European Parliament calls the Wirecard debacle “a potentially pivotal event for Europe’s capital market” that should trigger wholesale reform of financial market oversight. Enron’s collapse inspired the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. If the Wirecard scandal can spark a similar response, it may do at least some good. —Geoff Colvin

Luckin Coffee’s frothy finances

For a business named Luckin, its luck sure ran out quick. Founded in October 2017, the upstart coffee chain grew at an apparently breakneck pace to overtake Starbucks as China’s biggest bean-brew slinger by the start of the year. But as its acknowledgment of rampant fraudulent accounting would later reveal, the company’s caffeine fever-dreamed ambition—to hook a tea-drinking nation on joe—featured far more froth than substance.

As one of China’s youngest, hottest so-called unicorn startups, Beijing-based Luckin pitched itself as a tech company rather than a glorified barista biz. Luckin lured people to order drinks for takeout and delivery through its mobile app. The company served up copious discounts and “free” beverage vouchers, cutting the price of its drinks to about a third of the competition's. Like any good tech startup, executives prioritized growth over profits.

The strategy worked well, for a while. By the end of 2018, a little more than a year after its founding, Luckin opened more than 2,000 stores and acquired a $2 billion valuation from private investors. By May 2019, it raised $561 million at a $4.2 billion valuation going public on the Nasdaq stock exchange. In early 2020, after supposedly usurping the Chinese market’s coffee crown from Starbucks’s tiara-donning merlady—as measured by total number of stores (4,500 versus Starbucks’ 4,300)—its valuation soared to an all-time high of $12 billion.

Then came the accusations of fraud. Luckin initially denied a report, circulated on Jan. 31 by Muddy Waters, the prominent U.S. short-seller firm, alleging fabricated sales. A few weeks later, though, on April 2, Luckin came clean, fessing up to $310 million in made-up money inflows—a large portion of its reported revenue for 2019. The company acknowledged the inflated figures, saw its stock delisted, reorganized its leadership team, and in December reached a $180 million settlement with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.

Jinyi Guo, Luckin’s recently instated chairman and chief executive, said in a statement that the deal “reflects our cooperation and remediation efforts, and enables the company to continue with the execution of its business strategy.” He added that the company is “committed to a system of strong internal financial controls, and adhering to best practices for compliance and corporate governance.”

Twitter’s security slip

On the afternoon of July 15, 2020, a series of increasingly famous Twitter accounts, including those of Elon Musk, Kim Kardashian, and Barack Obama, appeared to be getting a little weird, tweeting out a simple Bitcoin scam. Twitter had to shut down all tweeting by verified accounts while it raced to find the security hole.

Had the accounts been hijacked by an elite hacking team from Russia? State-backed operatives from North Korea? Hardly. A bored teenager in Florida named Graham Ivan Clark and some friends had managed to fool a Twitter employee over the phone into revealing the credentials needed to reset account passwords and email addresses. Clark was arrested a few weeks later and is awaiting trial. “It’s the oldest trick in the book,” says Rachel Tobac, CEO of San Francisco security firm SocialProof Security.

Twitter moved to limit how many employees had access to such power and took other steps to tighten security. It also issued a comprehensive report about how the hack had occurred. And that helped raise awareness and improve training at many companies to guard against further “social engineering” hacks, says Tobac. “Humans are the first line of defense.” —Aaron Pressman

Tesla’s lockdown defiance

Electric-auto maker Tesla wildly outperformed expectations in 2020, starting with a largely pre-COVID first-quarter earnings beat, and powering itself all the way onto the S&P 500. But CEO Elon Musk’s reaction to California measures to curb the coronavirus pandemic saw his company caught with its halo on crooked.

The first shots were fired in April, when Tesla attempted to defy lockdown orders by calling workers back to its Fremont factory but was stopped by Alameda County officials. Days later, during the April earnings call for that impressive first quarter, Musk shocked an audience of investors and analysts by describing California’s lockdown orders as “fascist,” which sounds even worse 300,000 dead Americans later.

On May 9, Tesla sued to get out of lockdown, reasonably pointing to conflicting statements from Alameda County about Tesla’s status as an "essential business." But just days later, Tesla simply restarted vehicle production without permission. Alameda officials seemingly caved in to Musk’s libertarian defiance, announcing on May 13 that it would approve Tesla’s plan to reopen the plant—after Tesla already had done so.

Conditions at the factory were subsequently described as unsafe, including lax face mask enforcement, and Tesla workers started testing positive for the coronavirus almost immediately. As if seeking to prove that he could devote much of his life to fighting climate change and still moonlight as a James Bond villain, Musk told workers they could stay home if they were concerned over safety—then sent termination letters to some who did. —David Z. Morris

A McDonald’s pickle

At the end of 2019, McDonald’s CEO Steve Easterbrook was fired for sexting with a subordinate in what the company said was a consensual relationship. "Given the values of the company, I agree with the board that it is time for me to move on," Easterbrook said at the time in an email to employees.

Since then, things have gotten much, much messier. In August, McDonald’s filed a lawsuit against Easterbrook, alleging that he had physical sexual relationships with three McDonald’s employees in the year before he was fired and approved stock grants worth hundreds of thousands of dollars to one of those women. The company also claimed that he concealed evidence during its initial investigation, deleting emails from his phone. With these alleged new revelations, McDonald’s argued it had cause to fire Easterbrook and that he should repay his severance. Easterbrook fired back that the company knew about the stock awards and had the information about his other relationships when they negotiated his severance.

The litigation is ongoing, but what is clear is in its attempts to distance itself from the behavior of its former CEO, McDonald’s is willing to publicly air its dirty laundry in a way rarely seen in corporate America. —Beth Kowitt

PPP fraud

The $670 billion behemoth known as the Paycheck Protection Program is, by most measures, the largest small-business relief program in American history—a cornerstone of the federal government’s response to a once-in-a-generation pandemic that has devastated small-business owners across the country.

Yet nine months after it was enacted as part of the $2.2 trillion CARES Act pandemic aid package, PPP is swiftly becoming more synonymous with the least flattering aspects of government intervention: namely, waste, graft, and fraud that critics say was enabled by mismanagement and a lack of transparency on the part of the Trump administration.

Instances of PPP fraud are legion and continue to pile up, from the fake Florida ministry that allegedly received more than $8 million in government funds to the Texas man who allegedly poured nearly $1 million of PPP money into cryptocurrency. Those cases appear to be only the tip of the iceberg; there are suggestions that hundreds of millions, if not billions of dollars of taxpayer funds, may have been fraudulently allocated through PPP, with government watchdogs acknowledging the possibility of “widespread potential fraud and abuse.”

The Trump administration, for its part, points to the program’s successes in allocating more than $520 billion to roughly 5.2 million American businesses, enabling many to save jobs and keep workers on their payroll during a time of severe economic distress. But even on a legitimate basis, the program clearly had its flaws. Data recently released by the Small Business Administration suggests that more than half of all PPP funds went to only 5% of recipients and more than a quarter went to only 1%, with large and well-capitalized public companies among the beneficiaries of that lopsided distribution.

What’s more, there’s ample evidence that many small businesses—particularly minority-owned ones, which were hit disproportionately hard by the pandemic—weren’t able to get the money they needed through the program. Meanwhile, wealthy celebrities and well-connected politicians found it all too convenient to get the funds they desired.

As one government watchdog put it: “Fundamentally, this program was poorly designed and irresponsibly run by the Trump administration.” —Rey Mashayekhi

Wells Fargo

Wait—Wells Fargo is a top business scandal of 2020? Didn’t that mess happen in 2016?

Turns out it’s more accurate to say the scandal started in 2016. Four years later it’s still going strong, meriting a Special Achievement Award among business scandals and thus a place on our list.

D-Day was Sept. 8, 2016, when news broke that the bank had created more than 2 million fake accounts and would pay $185 million in penalties. That spectacular revelation led the news; within weeks congressional committees held hearings, and CEO John Stumpf abruptly retired. With penalties paid and leadership changed, the trouble seemed well on its way to resolution. But it wasn’t.

Fast-forward to 2020: In January, Stumpf agreed to pay a $17.5 million fine to the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency for his role in the scandal, and the OCC sought $37.5 million in fines from five other ex-officers. Wells Fargo in February agreed to pay $3 billion to resolve federal criminal and civil investigations of the scandal—an amount that was “appropriate given the staggering size, scope, and duration of Wells Fargo’s illicit conduct,” said U.S. Attorney Andrew Murray. In November, Stumpf agreed to pay the Securities and Exchange Commission a $2.5 million fine. The SEC also brought charges against Carrie L. Tolstedt, who led Wells Fargo’s retail bank when the fake accounts were created.

And those are just the main developments of 2020. In the intervening years the scandal got bigger, not smaller. The bank discovered it had created 3.5 million fake accounts, not 2 million. It also discovered it had charged more than 800,000 car loan customers for auto insurance they didn’t need or even know about (fine: $1 billion; class-action lawsuit settlement: about $400 million).

Most damaging of all, the Fed in 2018 prohibited Wells Fargo from growing its assets beyond their level at the end of 2017, $1.95 trillion—an unprecedented sanction. That’s a major reason Wells Fargo has badly underperformed the S&P 500 and the other biggest banks (JPMorgan Chase, Bank of America, Citigroup) since the scandal began.

Wells Fargo’s February settlement with the Justice Department includes a deferred prosecution agreement that’s contingent on the bank “continuing to cooperate with further government investigations.” Further investigations? After four years, this epic scandal is still far from over. —Geoff Colvin

eBay on the attack

In August 2019, Ina and David Steiner, founders of online retail blog eCommerce Bytes, experienced harassment in a variety of forms: oddly threatening items mailed to their home including a bloody pig mask, live spiders and cockroaches, pornography, and a book about grieving a spouse; an expensive late-night pizza order; and Craigslist ads advertising a swingers party and an estate sale at their home address.

The couple, of Natick, Mass., reported the occurrences to police. It wasn’t until they noticed people in cars watching and following them that authorities began to connect the dots, the Wall Street Journal reported: Two different cars were rentals issued to eBay employees. A criminal investigation found ongoing internal animosity at eBay toward the bloggers, who sometimes had been critical of eBay in their coverage.

According to an FBI affidavit, former eBay chief communications officer Steve Wymer read an eCommerce Bytes post about eBay’s then-CEO Devin Wenig's salary back in April 2019, then texted Wenig, "We are going to crush this lady,” referring to its author, Ina Steiner.

Wenig and Wymer departed the company in September 2019. In a statement, eBay said “that while Wenig did not authorize the harassment campaign, his ‘inappropriate communications’ regarding the blog were among ‘a number of considerations leading to his departure from the company,’” Fortune’s Aaron Pressman reported in a summary of the scandal earlier this year.

In another statement, obtained by Bloomberg, eBay said “neither the company nor any current eBay employee was indicted” and that eBay “was notified by law enforcement in August 2019 of suspicious actions by its security personnel toward a blogger, who writes about the company, and her husband.” The company said it “terminated all involved employees…in September 2019.”

Investigators found that the group behind the plot used prepaid debit cards, burner phones, anonymous email accounts, and VPN software to try to obscure their identities, and deleted messaging records. In September, four of the six individuals allegedly involved in the plot admitted to their involvement and soon pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit cyberstalking and conspiracy to tamper with witnesses. —Lydia Belanger

Carlos Ghosn

Technically it was Dec. 29, 2019, when Carlos Ghosn boarded a bullet train from his home in Tokyo (where he was facing charges of financial misconduct and was free on bail). But it wasn't until the early days of January that the full details about Ghosn's escape from what he has called a "rigged Japanese justice system" began to emerge in the press. The train ride would be the first leg of his escape to Lebanon that seemed plucked from a Hollywood movie. Aided by an ex–Green Beret, he hid in a box designed to transport stereo equipment and was shuttled onto a private plane that flew to Istanbul, then transferred to a smaller plane that took him to Beirut (a country where he has a home and would face no extradition to Japan).

Perhaps the most astounding thing about the Ghosn saga? The fact that so many of us naively assumed in January that it would certainly be the business story of 2020. —Lee Clifford

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