亚历克斯•皮卡德曾是比特币的终极信徒。27岁时,皮卡德辞去了南加州薪酬优渥的贸易工作,加入了这场比特币革命。他远赴华盛顿州中部一个小村庄,在电价便宜、果树环抱的村庄里,他包下了多个车库挖比特币。随着加密货币概念暴涨,皮卡德的这个由集成电路驱动的“主机农场”,每天的收益可达上千美元。
但是,在皮卡德看来,这场冒险不仅仅是为了赚钱,更是为了改变世界。“比特币由‘限制供应’的计算机协议控制,而不是由‘创造供应’的政府控制——这就是它的吸引力所在。”他告诉《财富》杂志,“美元、欧元越印越多,通货膨胀加剧,这些货币的价值越来越受侵蚀,而比特币不会这样。我相信,用比特币钱包在亚马逊上购买视频游戏,在艾派迪(Expedia)上购买机票,而且直接支付,中间不用兑换美元,这才是未来的趋势。”
巨大的电力需求使当地电网不堪重负,在2018年比特币价格大幅回撤前,皮卡德停止了这场挖矿冒险。他被调到加州担任锐联资产管理公司(Research Affiliates)的副总裁,该公司监管着价值1450亿美元的共同基金和交易所交易基金。在新的岗位上,皮卡德负责研究不同资产类别的回报,寻找最小化交易成本的策略。
站在主流金融领域的视角,皮卡德对比特币背离最初愿景的程度感到震惊。“由于四年前犯下的错误极大地增加了交易成本,比特币从未成为真正的线上现金系统。”皮卡德说,“比特币应当成为一种价值储存手段,一种提供通胀保护的数字黄金。但现在,它的波动性太大,不适合作为价值储存手段。支持者们完全忽略了数据的情况。”
让皮卡德感到震惊的是,从日常消费货币的最初使命开始,比特币是如何一步步下坠、失败的——虽然价格飙升至新高,但原因并不是比特币能够投以实际用途(连投资产品黄金都是珠宝制造的主要原料),而是成为一种投机工具。“一个投机者确信他能以更高的价格把它卖给另一个投机者,这是比特币现在唯一的价值。”皮卡德说。
在皮卡德看来,比特币从10月份的10500美元飙升至现在的40000美元,形成了一个“超乎以往的巨大泡沫”,和以往所有的泡沫一样,“比特币泡沫”终将破裂。皮卡德为锐联资产管理公司网站写了一篇文章,讲述了他曾作为“比特币斗士”的动荡命运,他还与本文作者进行了详细的交谈。
比特币101
皮卡德是一名训练有素的机械工程师,曾在位于加州温暖的新港海滩的一家量化投资公司工作。皮卡德从2013年开始交易比特币,到2017年初,他决定把交易所得收入投入到挖掘价格飙升的加密货币的设备中。他花了30万美元购买了大约100台配备了专用ASIC芯片的电脑,这些芯片只有一个功能:挖比特币。他在地图上搜寻成本最低的地点——除了设备,电力是挖比特币最大的成本。
最终他在华盛顿州的韦纳奇找到了合适之地。这是一个约有3万人口的飞地,坐落在一个盛产谷物的山谷中,距离西雅图以东3小时车程。韦纳奇自称是“世界苹果之都”和“大西北地区传送带的搭扣”——后者描述了它的位置,位于哥伦比亚河上的水力发电大坝“带”的中间。
韦纳奇拥有的大型水电站,以每千瓦时3美分的价格出售电力——这是全美最低的价格。他把装着22台大型机的临时钢丝架装进自己的车库里,开始了比特币挖矿之旅。当时,每10分钟就会向挖矿成功者发放12.5个比特币的“区块奖励”,以2017年年中价格计算,一个比特币的价值为2500美元至3000美元,每小时发放75个比特币,也就是约20万美元。皮卡德的主机每隔10分钟就产生数百万个“哈希函数”,这些函数是由字母和数字组成的长串,从不同数量的0开始。他加入了一群由其他挖矿者组成的队伍,成员们将自己的计算能力集中起来。当队伍通过在一个新区块“求解哈希值”而击败其他挖矿者时,皮卡德将分到奖励。
暴涨发生
在2017年的繁荣期,比特币的价格不断上涨,获胜的奖励也越来越大。那一年,比特币的价格飙升了20多倍,达到2万美元。皮卡德回忆说,他的计算能力只占整个市场的1%,他的收益也与这一份额相当。这样的规模之下,他一天能赚4000到5000美元,如果这种繁荣持续下去,一年的收入将达到180万美元。那时开始,皮卡德担心起投机狂热的发生——这一涨幅远远超出了一个可靠货币的正常波动范围。这也标志着,比特币开始从粗具规模的消费者交换媒介,走向为大众所广泛接受的数字赌场。
最开始的时候,皮卡德认为,随着比特币在转账和购买商品方面越来越受欢迎,其美元价格将变得相对稳定。当时他想,随着时间的推移,比特币对美元会升值,因为比特币不受通货膨胀的影响。此外,比特币还提供了一种更快、更便宜的汇款方式,还承诺将商户为信用卡交易支付的3%费率降至几美分。
皮卡德喜欢向朋友们展示比特币是多么便宜且容易使用。皮卡德说:“在2013年、2014年期间,我去新港海滩的酒吧时,乐趣之一就是让朋友请我喝一杯啤酒,告诉他们,我会用比特币给他们付钱。我还向他们展示如何在iPhone上下载比特币钱包,支付瞬间就能完成。”当时,通过电子转账可能得花费50美元,还要等待几天时间,而Venmo、Zelle、Cash App和Apple Cash这些网站还不存在,或者尚处起步阶段。皮卡德这群人,就已经开始以毫秒为单位、以一美分一次的价格交易数字现金。“你可以感觉到它的魔力。”他惊叹道。
在最初几年,比特币确实有可能成为在线支付领域的巨头。当时,它似乎正慢慢实现其创造者的愿景。比特币的创造者以笔名中本聪撰写了推出加密货币的著名论文,中本聪认为,这一构想的主要目的是“实现小额随意交易”,并大幅降低购买成本。从2014年开始,包括戴尔(Dell)、艾派迪和视频游戏销售商Steam在内的一些零售商开始接受比特币支付。
但在2017年12月到2018年夏天之间,比特币玩家和其他入局者在其价格跳水后,大部分都放弃了这种加密货币。皮卡德说:“在2017年底比特币贬值最疯狂的时候,在Expedia等网站上用比特币支付的费用已从20美分变成50美元。” “即使到了现在,把比特币从一个钱包转到另一个钱包的成本也要大约10美元。”在禁用比特币支付时,Steam提到其“飙升”的交易成本及“通证”(token)极高的波动性。如今,Venmo和Zelle等新的付款工具又正在步入比特币的后尘,以微薄的成本在互联网上挤占现金的使用空间。
超负荷运转
然而皮卡德从比特币中得到的福利好景不长。2017年12月,当地公用事业公司因其电网超负荷运转而将他的挖矿设备关闭。于是他离开那片荒野之地,前往加州,并紧守着他的比特币,但2018年比特币的暴跌又抹去了他大部分的身家。他亏本出售了自己的设备。
他如此信任的比特币怎么会崩溃得如此之快?皮卡德指出,比特币“需要大范围的商用才能成为一种可流动的、稳定的货币。”但是,对其架构进行的一场根本性的改革,实际上使其无法用来购买汽车,机票或牛奶。皮卡德说,2017年8月发生的一起关键事件使得比特币发生了巨大的变化,以至于“亚马逊和任何其他电商网站都无法将其用作交易货币。”
他说,挖矿社区拟定了这样一项规则,即限制每十分钟增加到“区块”中的数据量,不得超过一兆字节。每个区块包含约2200笔交易的数据。其中包括比特币的买卖双方交易、转账的数字地址。一个至关重要的部分是卖方的数字“签名”,用以验证他们对比特币的所有权。但由于矿工和投机者在2017年比特币风暴中的交易速度如此之快,显然,一兆字节的限制会造成瓶颈。
因此,矿工们决定通过取消卖方签名的方式来节省每个区块的空间。这种对比特币软件提出的更新被称为“隔离见证”(SegWit),即将卖方签名与区块中的其他数据分离的过程。并非所有交易都消除了签名。此举能有效地使每个区块中允许的最大交易量增加一倍。
皮卡德说:“尽管如此,交易的需求依然很大,所以即使放开了部分限额,交易量也有限。”取消签名的方式原本可以使比特币的交易量增加3到4倍。但这其实没能奏效。 皮卡德说:“隔离见证颁布后不久,需求增加了100倍。”他解释道,这一变化破坏了比特币的初始规则:“中本聪说,'我们将一种电子硬币定义为一条数字签名链。' “在2017年8月之后,签名不再是交易的一部分,或者不再是区块链上的一部分,签名实际包含在单独的文件中。”
这一变化对交易双方造成了两个负面影响。首先是他们对比特币失去了信心。正是签名显示了比特币的所有权链,确保卖方以通证形式支付的是比特币、证明他们并非在洗钱或者从事其他非法行为。而取消签名会增加交易者接手新的比特币的风险。第二个缺点是费用大涨。随着交易量的增加,超过了每个区块的容量——现在仍然如此。因此,发往指定商户或转到买家钱包的款额排在一个称为“矿池”(mempool)的队列中,依次等待进入一个区块。
然后,每笔交易都必须由矿工“认证”或“确认”,才能进入一个区块,并使交易双方获得各自的报酬。卖方都想让自己的交易进入下一个区块尽快进行,因而展开激烈的竞争,迫使他们向矿工支付越来越高的费用,才能挤到队伍的最前列。正是这个瓶颈使这项费用从2010年代中期的1美分增加到10美分,在高峰时期更是高达50美元——今天约为10美元。
皮卡德说:“这种转变使比特币脱离了日常的购买和转让,也改变了它的面貌。”他说,今天,比特币的新拥趸正在自欺欺人,将这种加密货币视为一种储值和对冲通胀的手段:“他们称其为'数字黄金'。”但是,即使通货膨胀,黄金的价值从长期来看也不会改变,因为它是一种具有实际用途的商品,其开采成本和价格往往会随着整体价格波动而下降——尽管在此期间会有很多大起大落。但可以肯定的是,黄金也是投机者的最爱。而在最近的历史上,其最大的波动是从2019年11月的每盎司1476美元涨至2020年8月的2067美元,涨幅为40%,此后一路下跌到目前的1857美元。从2013年中到2017年中,它的交易价格在1100美元到1300美元之间小幅波动。
越来越多的崩溃
如果说黄金的走势还只是颠簸,比特币就像坐上了最疯狂的过山车。正如皮卡德所指出的,它的暴涨和暴跌完全与投资者对未来是通胀还是通缩的预期无关。他说,在2018年,尽管比特币下跌了83%,但未来五年的预期通胀依然不变,为2%(以5年盈亏平衡通胀指数衡量)。然后,当比特币从2018年底开始急剧飙升,至2020年底已是原来的七倍时,通胀指数再次表明,比特币快速上涨的价格对通胀没有构成任何风险,依然是2%。比特币疯狂起伏时,通胀的预期却趋于平缓。
皮卡德总结说:“比特币的极端波动性意味着,它并不是可靠的储值手段。它不再被用作可流通的交易货币。在商业界,他们说这是一笔可以'稳持'('hodl',即不管价格涨跌,都坚持持有)的重要资产。但除了价格走势图外,投机者也拿不出什么证据来说明,这是一笔不错的投资。”早期,比特币的支持者们希望,他们可以不用再先把比特币兑换成美元,而可以直接用他们的比特币购买一切物品。 “现在,要想用比特币买什么东西,首先必须通过Coinbase或其他加密货币交易所,将其兑换成美元,还要在采矿费之上再支付一笔额外的交易费。”
正如皮卡德指出的那样,比特币市场的每一次繁荣都会以悲剧收场,他希望这次也是一样。他说:“它不再有改变社会,改善人民生活的机会。”几年前,皮卡德在纽波特海滩酒吧交易时,他觉得这像“魔法”一样神奇,而现在再回首,他依然觉得那像一种“魔法”——只不过是让人疯了的魔法。(财富中文网)
编译:杨二一、陈聪聪
亚历克斯•皮卡德曾是比特币的终极信徒。27岁时,皮卡德辞去了南加州薪酬优渥的贸易工作,加入了这场比特币革命。他远赴华盛顿州中部一个小村庄,在电价便宜、果树环抱的村庄里,他包下了多个车库挖比特币。随着加密货币概念暴涨,皮卡德的这个由集成电路驱动的“主机农场”,每天的收益可达上千美元。
但是,在皮卡德看来,这场冒险不仅仅是为了赚钱,更是为了改变世界。“比特币由‘限制供应’的计算机协议控制,而不是由‘创造供应’的政府控制——这就是它的吸引力所在。”他告诉《财富》杂志,“美元、欧元越印越多,通货膨胀加剧,这些货币的价值越来越受侵蚀,而比特币不会这样。我相信,用比特币钱包在亚马逊上购买视频游戏,在艾派迪(Expedia)上购买机票,而且直接支付,中间不用兑换美元,这才是未来的趋势。”
巨大的电力需求使当地电网不堪重负,在2018年比特币价格大幅回撤前,皮卡德停止了这场挖矿冒险。他被调到加州担任锐联资产管理公司(Research Affiliates)的副总裁,该公司监管着价值1450亿美元的共同基金和交易所交易基金。在新的岗位上,皮卡德负责研究不同资产类别的回报,寻找最小化交易成本的策略。
站在主流金融领域的视角,皮卡德对比特币背离最初愿景的程度感到震惊。“由于四年前犯下的错误极大地增加了交易成本,比特币从未成为真正的线上现金系统。”皮卡德说,“比特币应当成为一种价值储存手段,一种提供通胀保护的数字黄金。但现在,它的波动性太大,不适合作为价值储存手段。支持者们完全忽略了数据的情况。”
让皮卡德感到震惊的是,从日常消费货币的最初使命开始,比特币是如何一步步下坠、失败的——虽然价格飙升至新高,但原因并不是比特币能够投以实际用途(连投资产品黄金都是珠宝制造的主要原料),而是成为一种投机工具。“一个投机者确信他能以更高的价格把它卖给另一个投机者,这是比特币现在唯一的价值。”皮卡德说。
在皮卡德看来,比特币从10月份的10500美元飙升至现在的40000美元,形成了一个“超乎以往的巨大泡沫”,和以往所有的泡沫一样,“比特币泡沫”终将破裂。皮卡德为锐联资产管理公司网站写了一篇文章,讲述了他曾作为“比特币斗士”的动荡命运,他还与本文作者进行了详细的交谈。
比特币101
皮卡德是一名训练有素的机械工程师,曾在位于加州温暖的新港海滩的一家量化投资公司工作。皮卡德从2013年开始交易比特币,到2017年初,他决定把交易所得收入投入到挖掘价格飙升的加密货币的设备中。他花了30万美元购买了大约100台配备了专用ASIC芯片的电脑,这些芯片只有一个功能:挖比特币。他在地图上搜寻成本最低的地点——除了设备,电力是挖比特币最大的成本。
最终他在华盛顿州的韦纳奇找到了合适之地。这是一个约有3万人口的飞地,坐落在一个盛产谷物的山谷中,距离西雅图以东3小时车程。韦纳奇自称是“世界苹果之都”和“大西北地区传送带的搭扣”——后者描述了它的位置,位于哥伦比亚河上的水力发电大坝“带”的中间。
韦纳奇拥有的大型水电站,以每千瓦时3美分的价格出售电力——这是全美最低的价格。他把装着22台大型机的临时钢丝架装进自己的车库里,开始了比特币挖矿之旅。当时,每10分钟就会向挖矿成功者发放12.5个比特币的“区块奖励”,以2017年年中价格计算,一个比特币的价值为2500美元至3000美元,每小时发放75个比特币,也就是约20万美元。皮卡德的主机每隔10分钟就产生数百万个“哈希函数”,这些函数是由字母和数字组成的长串,从不同数量的0开始。他加入了一群由其他挖矿者组成的队伍,成员们将自己的计算能力集中起来。当队伍通过在一个新区块“求解哈希值”而击败其他挖矿者时,皮卡德将分到奖励。
暴涨发生
在2017年的繁荣期,比特币的价格不断上涨,获胜的奖励也越来越大。那一年,比特币的价格飙升了20多倍,达到2万美元。皮卡德回忆说,他的计算能力只占整个市场的1%,他的收益也与这一份额相当。这样的规模之下,他一天能赚4000到5000美元,如果这种繁荣持续下去,一年的收入将达到180万美元。那时开始,皮卡德担心起投机狂热的发生——这一涨幅远远超出了一个可靠货币的正常波动范围。这也标志着,比特币开始从粗具规模的消费者交换媒介,走向为大众所广泛接受的数字赌场。
最开始的时候,皮卡德认为,随着比特币在转账和购买商品方面越来越受欢迎,其美元价格将变得相对稳定。当时他想,随着时间的推移,比特币对美元会升值,因为比特币不受通货膨胀的影响。此外,比特币还提供了一种更快、更便宜的汇款方式,还承诺将商户为信用卡交易支付的3%费率降至几美分。
皮卡德喜欢向朋友们展示比特币是多么便宜且容易使用。皮卡德说:“在2013年、2014年期间,我去新港海滩的酒吧时,乐趣之一就是让朋友请我喝一杯啤酒,告诉他们,我会用比特币给他们付钱。我还向他们展示如何在iPhone上下载比特币钱包,支付瞬间就能完成。”当时,通过电子转账可能得花费50美元,还要等待几天时间,而Venmo、Zelle、Cash App和Apple Cash这些网站还不存在,或者尚处起步阶段。皮卡德这群人,就已经开始以毫秒为单位、以一美分一次的价格交易数字现金。“你可以感觉到它的魔力。”他惊叹道。
在最初几年,比特币确实有可能成为在线支付领域的巨头。当时,它似乎正慢慢实现其创造者的愿景。比特币的创造者以笔名中本聪撰写了推出加密货币的著名论文,中本聪认为,这一构想的主要目的是“实现小额随意交易”,并大幅降低购买成本。从2014年开始,包括戴尔(Dell)、艾派迪和视频游戏销售商Steam在内的一些零售商开始接受比特币支付。
但在2017年12月到2018年夏天之间,比特币玩家和其他入局者在其价格跳水后,大部分都放弃了这种加密货币。皮卡德说:“在2017年底比特币贬值最疯狂的时候,在Expedia等网站上用比特币支付的费用已从20美分变成50美元。” “即使到了现在,把比特币从一个钱包转到另一个钱包的成本也要大约10美元。”在禁用比特币支付时,Steam提到其“飙升”的交易成本及“通证”(token)极高的波动性。如今,Venmo和Zelle等新的付款工具又正在步入比特币的后尘,以微薄的成本在互联网上挤占现金的使用空间。
超负荷运转
然而皮卡德从比特币中得到的福利好景不长。2017年12月,当地公用事业公司因其电网超负荷运转而将他的挖矿设备关闭。于是他离开那片荒野之地,前往加州,并紧守着他的比特币,但2018年比特币的暴跌又抹去了他大部分的身家。他亏本出售了自己的设备。
他如此信任的比特币怎么会崩溃得如此之快?皮卡德指出,比特币“需要大范围的商用才能成为一种可流动的、稳定的货币。”但是,对其架构进行的一场根本性的改革,实际上使其无法用来购买汽车,机票或牛奶。皮卡德说,2017年8月发生的一起关键事件使得比特币发生了巨大的变化,以至于“亚马逊和任何其他电商网站都无法将其用作交易货币。”
他说,挖矿社区拟定了这样一项规则,即限制每十分钟增加到“区块”中的数据量,不得超过一兆字节。每个区块包含约2200笔交易的数据。其中包括比特币的买卖双方交易、转账的数字地址。一个至关重要的部分是卖方的数字“签名”,用以验证他们对比特币的所有权。但由于矿工和投机者在2017年比特币风暴中的交易速度如此之快,显然,一兆字节的限制会造成瓶颈。
因此,矿工们决定通过取消卖方签名的方式来节省每个区块的空间。这种对比特币软件提出的更新被称为“隔离见证”(SegWit),即将卖方签名与区块中的其他数据分离的过程。并非所有交易都消除了签名。此举能有效地使每个区块中允许的最大交易量增加一倍。
皮卡德说:“尽管如此,交易的需求依然很大,所以即使放开了部分限额,交易量也有限。”取消签名的方式原本可以使比特币的交易量增加3到4倍。但这其实没能奏效。 皮卡德说:“隔离见证颁布后不久,需求增加了100倍。”他解释道,这一变化破坏了比特币的初始规则:“中本聪说,'我们将一种电子硬币定义为一条数字签名链。' “在2017年8月之后,签名不再是交易的一部分,或者不再是区块链上的一部分,签名实际包含在单独的文件中。”
这一变化对交易双方造成了两个负面影响。首先是他们对比特币失去了信心。正是签名显示了比特币的所有权链,确保卖方以通证形式支付的是比特币、证明他们并非在洗钱或者从事其他非法行为。而取消签名会增加交易者接手新的比特币的风险。第二个缺点是费用大涨。随着交易量的增加,超过了每个区块的容量——现在仍然如此。因此,发往指定商户或转到买家钱包的款额排在一个称为“矿池”(mempool)的队列中,依次等待进入一个区块。
然后,每笔交易都必须由矿工“认证”或“确认”,才能进入一个区块,并使交易双方获得各自的报酬。卖方都想让自己的交易进入下一个区块尽快进行,因而展开激烈的竞争,迫使他们向矿工支付越来越高的费用,才能挤到队伍的最前列。正是这个瓶颈使这项费用从2010年代中期的1美分增加到10美分,在高峰时期更是高达50美元——今天约为10美元。
皮卡德说:“这种转变使比特币脱离了日常的购买和转让,也改变了它的面貌。”他说,今天,比特币的新拥趸正在自欺欺人,将这种加密货币视为一种储值和对冲通胀的手段:“他们称其为'数字黄金'。”但是,即使通货膨胀,黄金的价值从长期来看也不会改变,因为它是一种具有实际用途的商品,其开采成本和价格往往会随着整体价格波动而下降——尽管在此期间会有很多大起大落。但可以肯定的是,黄金也是投机者的最爱。而在最近的历史上,其最大的波动是从2019年11月的每盎司1476美元涨至2020年8月的2067美元,涨幅为40%,此后一路下跌到目前的1857美元。从2013年中到2017年中,它的交易价格在1100美元到1300美元之间小幅波动。
越来越多的崩溃
如果说黄金的走势还只是颠簸,比特币就像坐上了最疯狂的过山车。正如皮卡德所指出的,它的暴涨和暴跌完全与投资者对未来是通胀还是通缩的预期无关。他说,在2018年,尽管比特币下跌了83%,但未来五年的预期通胀依然不变,为2%(以5年盈亏平衡通胀指数衡量)。然后,当比特币从2018年底开始急剧飙升,至2020年底已是原来的七倍时,通胀指数再次表明,比特币快速上涨的价格对通胀没有构成任何风险,依然是2%。比特币疯狂起伏时,通胀的预期却趋于平缓。
皮卡德总结说:“比特币的极端波动性意味着,它并不是可靠的储值手段。它不再被用作可流通的交易货币。在商业界,他们说这是一笔可以'稳持'('hodl',即不管价格涨跌,都坚持持有)的重要资产。但除了价格走势图外,投机者也拿不出什么证据来说明,这是一笔不错的投资。”早期,比特币的支持者们希望,他们可以不用再先把比特币兑换成美元,而可以直接用他们的比特币购买一切物品。 “现在,要想用比特币买什么东西,首先必须通过Coinbase或其他加密货币交易所,将其兑换成美元,还要在采矿费之上再支付一笔额外的交易费。”
正如皮卡德指出的那样,比特币市场的每一次繁荣都会以悲剧收场,他希望这次也是一样。他说:“它不再有改变社会,改善人民生活的机会。”几年前,皮卡德在纽波特海滩酒吧交易时,他觉得这像“魔法”一样神奇,而现在再回首,他依然觉得那像一种“魔法”——只不过是让人疯了的魔法。(财富中文网)
编译:杨二一、陈聪聪
Alex Pickard was the ultimate Bitcoin believer. At age 27, he joined the revolution, quitting a lucrative trading job in Southern California to mine Bitcoin from multiple garages in a central Washington state hamlet best known for its cheap electricity and plentiful apple orchards. As the cryptocurrency soared on the promise it would evolve into digital cash for everyday purchases, Pickard's farm of ASIC-driven mainframes was harvesting several thousand dollars a day.
But his adventure was as much about changing the world as making money. "Bitcoin was controlled by a computer protocol that limited its supply, not by a government that could create more, that was the appeal," he told Fortune. "Its value couldn't be eroded the way printing more dollars or Euros causes inflation. I believed opening a Bitcoin wallet to buy video games at Amazon and airline tickets on Expedia at pennies in fees––directly, no dollars in-between–– was the future."
A huge appetite for electricity overwhelmed the local grid, closing Pickard's mining operation just before the 2018 crash. He's relocated to the Golden State as a Vice President at Research Affiliates, a firm that oversees methodologies for $145 billion in mutual funds and ETFs. In his new role, he undertakes such tasks as researching returns on different asset classes, and strategies that minimize trading costs. From his vantage point in mainstream finance, Pickard is shocked by how far Bitcoin has strayed from the original vision. "Bitcoin never became an online cash system because of mistakes made four years ago that hugely increased transactions costs," he says. "Now, it's supposed to be a store of value, a digital gold that provides inflation protection. But it's much too volatile to be a store of value. Proponents of that theory are completely ignoring the data."
What astounds Pickard is how Bitcoin could flop at its original mission as a currency for every day spending, yet soar to fresh heights not for anything it can be used for––even gold is a staple in jewelry manufacturing––but as a vehicle for speculators. "Bitcoin's only value is one speculator's conviction he can sell it to another speculator at higher price," he says. For Pickard, Bitcoin's current jump from $10,500 to as high as $40,000 since October constitutes a "bubble that's bound to explode like all the past bubbles, only worse 'cause this one's been the biggest by far." Pickard wrote an excellent piece recounting his careening fortunes as a Bitcoin crusader for the Research Affiliates website, and he also talked at length with this writer.
Bitcoin 101
A mechanical engineer by training, Pickard started trading Bitcoin in 2013 while working at a quant investment firm in balmy Newport Beach, California. By early 2017, he decided to roll his windfall into equipment for mining the surging cryptocurrency. He spent $300,000 on around 100 computers equipped with specialized ASIC chips that served one function, mining Bitcoin. He scoured the map for the locale offering the lowest rates for the item that, other than equipment, accounts for a miner's biggest costs, electricity. He found a great deal in Wenatchee, Washington, an enclave of around 30,000 nestled in a crop-rich valley that's a three hour drive east of Seattle. Wenatchee bills itself both as "The Apple Capital of the World" and "The Buckle of the Power Belt of the Great Northwest." The latter title describes its location in the middle of the "belt" of hydroelectric dams on the Columbia River.
Wenatchee's giant hydro plant was selling electricity at 3 cents per kilowatt hour, the lowest rates in the nation. He packed makeshift wire racks holding 22 mainframes each into his garages, and started mining. At the time, 12.5 bitcoin in were being released "block rewards" to the winning miner every ten minutes, valued at the mid-2017 price of $2500 to $3000 at around $200,000 per hour. Pickard's computers were generating millions of "hash functions" every ten minutes consisting of long strings of letters and numbers, starting with a varying number of zeros. He joined a group of other miners who pooled their computing power. When the pool beat rival miners by "solving for the hash" on a new block, Pickard would share in the rewards.
The great boom
Those wins got bigger and bigger as the coins relentlessly rose in price during the great boom of 2017. That year, Bitcoin went on a moonshot, vaulting more than 20-fold to $20,000. Pickard recalls that his computing power was a fraction of 1% of the overall market, and his gains, as usual with miners, mirrored that share. Still, he was making $4000 to $5000 a day, or what would have been $1.8 million on an annual basis, had the boom continued. It was then that Pickard began worrying about a speculative craze. The run-up was far outside the normal fluctuations of a reliable currency. It was the start of Bitcoin's transformation from a fledging medium of exchange for consumers en route to widespread acceptance, into a digital casino.
Early on, Pickard believed that as Bitcoin became more and more popular for transferring money and buying everything from smartphones to groceries, its price in dollars would become relatively stable. The idea was that over time, Bitcoin would actually appreciate versus the greenback because it's impervious to inflation. Bitcoin also provided a faster, cheaper way of sending money, and promised to lower the 3% merchants paid on credit card transactions to pennies.
Pickard loved showing buddies just how cheap and easy Bitcoin was to use. "In 2013 and 2014, when I'd go to a bar in Newport Beach part of the fun was asking friends to buy me a round of beers, and say I'd pay them with Bitcoin," he says. "I could even show them how to download the Bitcoin wallet right there on their iPhones, and the payment would show up in seconds." At the time, it could cost $50 send money by a wire transfer that could take days, and such sites as Venmo, Zelle, Cash App, and Apple Cash didn't exist or were in their infancy. Pickard's happy hour crowd were swapping digital cash in milliseconds at one cent a zap. "You could feel the magic," he marvels.
In the early years, it indeed looked as though Bitcoin could become a titan in online payments. It appeared en route to fulfilling the vision of its creator, who famously wrote the treatise that launched the cryptocurrency under the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto. The main purpose of his brainchild, Nakamoto allowed, was to "enable small casual transactions," and greatly lower the costs of those purchases. Starting in 2014, a number of retailers including Dell, Expedia and video game-seller Steam began accepting payments in Bitcoin.
But between the December of 2017 and the summer of 2018, those players and most others that took the plunge dropped the cryptocurrency. "At the height of the craze at the end of 2017, the fees for paying on sites like Expedia with Bitcoin had gone from 20 cents to $50," says Pickard. "Even now, the cost of transferring money from wallet to wallet is around $10." In scrapping Bitcoin, Steam cited "skyrocketing" transactions costs and the token's extreme volatility. And new payment tools such as Venmo and Zelle were doing what Bitcoin used to do, zipping cash over the internet at minuscule fees.
Overload
Pickard's Bitcoin bounty didn't last long. In December of 2017, the local utility shut him down for overloading the grid. He left the wilds for California, and held onto his Bitcoin, but the collapse in 2018 mostly erased his winnings. He sold his equipment at a loss.
How did the Bitcoin he so revered go so wrong, so fast? Bitcoin, notes Pickard, "needed huge commercial adoption to become a liquid and stable currency." But a fundamental overhaul to its architecture effectively rendered it unusable for buying cars, airline tickets or cartons of milk. A pivotal event in August of 2017, says Pickard, so transformed Bitcoin that "Neither Amazon nor any other online merchant could adopt it as medium of exchange."
The mining community, he says, was determined to stick to the rule that limited the amount of data stored on the "blocks" added every ten minutes to one megabyte. Each block contained data on around 2200 transactions. Included in that data were the digital addresses of the seller and of the buyer to whose wallet the Bitcoin was being sent. A crucial component was the digital "signature" of the seller that verified his or her ownership of the coins. But because miners and speculators were trading at such a rapid rate in the 2017 explosion, it was clear that the one megabyte limit would cause a bottleneck.
So the miners decided to save space in each block by eliminating the sellers' signatures. That shift is known as "SegWit," for Segregated Witness, the process of separating the seller's signature from the data in the block. Not all transactions eliminate the signature. That helped to effectively double the maximum allowable transactions per block.
"Nevertheless, there was a large demand to transact, and a limited amount that can occur given even those expanded limits," says Pickard. Eliminating the signature was supposed to increase Bitcoin's capacity for transactions by a factor of 3 or 4. It didn't work. "Shortly after SegWit was enacted, demand increased by a factor of 100," says Pickard. The change, he says, undermined the founding rules for Bitcoin. "Nakamoto said, 'We define an electronic coin as a chain of digital signatures,'" he explains. "After August of 2017, the signature was no longer part of the transaction, or on the blockchain, it was effectively in a separate file."
The change posed two negatives for retailers. The first was a loss of confidence. The signatures showed the chain of ownership of the Bitcoin, assuring those being paid in the tokens, for example, that the seller wasn't fronting for a money-launderer. Scrapping the signatures raised a retailer's risks in accepting the rookie currency. The second downer was a huge jump in fees. As the number of transactions rose, the volumes exceeded, and still exceed, the capacity in each block. So payments addressed to stores or transfers destined for a contractor's wallet sat a queue called a "mempool," waiting to be entered into a block.
Each transaction then had to be "authenticated" or "confirmed" by a miner so it could join a block, and so that the retailer or contractor to get paid. The sellers competed to get their transactions into the next block, forcing them to pay the miners higher and higher fees to get to the front of the line. It's that bottleneck that's driven fees from one to ten cents in the mid-2010s to as much as $50 in peak periods, and about $10 today.
"That shift changed the face of Bitcoin by taking it out of everyday purchases and transfers," says Pickard. Today, he says that Bitcoin's new fans are deluding themselves in casting the cryptocurrency as a store of value and hedge against inflation. "They claim it's 'digital gold,'" he says. But gold's value over long periods does stay even with inflation, because it's a commodity with real uses, and the cost of mining it, and hence the price, tends to wax and wane with overall prices––though with lots of jumping and cratering in-between. To be sure, gold's also a favorite of speculators. But in recent history, its largest move was the 40% spike from $1476 an ounce in November of 2019 to $2067 in August of 2020, since moderating to the current $1857. From mid-2013 to mid-2017 it traded in a narrow band from approximately $1100 to $1300.
A growing disconnect
While gold's trajectory is bumpy, Bitcoin is riding the craziest of roller-coasters. As Pickard points out, its spikes and collapses are totally unrelated to investors' view of a future surge or fall in inflation. In 2018, notes Pickard, while Bitcoin dropped 83%, expected inflation over the next half-decade (as measured by the 5-year Breakeven Inflation Index) remained anchored at 2%. Then, when Bitcoin surged seven-fold from the depths of year-end 2018 to the close of 2020, the BEI was once again signaling no danger from fast-rising prices, finishing at the same 2%. Inflation expectations flatlined while Bitcoin went crazy.
"Bitcoin's extreme volatility means it's not a reliable store of value," concludes Pickard. "It no longer has a use as a medium of exchange. In the biz, they say it's a great asset to 'hodl,' meaning 'hold.' Speculators have nothing to point as proof it's a good investment but the price chart." In the early, supporters hoped that they would no longer have to exchange Bitcoin for dollars, but could buy everything directly with their Bitcoin. "Now, in order to buy anything with your Bitcoin, you first have to exchange it for dollars via Coinbase or another exchange, and pay trading fees on top of the mining fees."
As Pickard points out, every other Bitcoin boom has ended in grief, just where this one, he expects, will finish as well. "It no longer has a chance of transforming society and improving peoples' lives," he says. The magic Pickard felt years ago in that swapping coins that Newport Beach bar has morphed into another kind of "magic" that will be looked back on as madness.