从山姆·班克曼-弗里德外表,根本看不出如今他是加密货币圈最有权势的人。这位30岁的年轻人态度和善,衣服皱皱巴巴,一头凌乱卷发,人们一般叫他名字的缩写SBF。他对英雄联盟,指尖陀螺,还有其他宅文化兴趣浓厚。但在不修边幅的外表之下,他是一位志向远大的交易神童。SBF毕业于麻省理工学院(MIT)物理系,成功创办公司Alameda Research之前曾在著名的量化基金Jane Street Capital磨练交易技能。2019年,他创立了加密交易所FTX,被不少人誉为有史以来最好的衍生品平台。(1)
SBF早已是亿万富翁企业家(他的财富价值115亿美元左右),如今又有了全新身份:加密货币圈白衣骑士,在比特币(Bitcoin)和其他资产崩盘的“加密冬天”中奋力拯救了一些苦苦挣扎的初创公司。他最近到访纽约时,我们跟他坐下来讨论了投资、加密货币的未来以及他对FTX的最终设想。
为篇幅和简明起见,本篇问答经过删简。
冬天来了
山姆,很多业内人士预测到加密货币会迎来寒冬。你预料到了吗?如果你也料到,想过情况会如此糟糕吗?
班克曼-弗里德:是,也不是。我没料到会这么糟。(2)但如果你说的是纳斯达克从峰值下跌40%,我确实早就猜到了。(市场)动向里可能仅有三分之一针对加密货币,另外三分之二只是宏观事件(3)。
2014年和2018年之前加密货币也崩溃过,之后出现前所未有的强劲反弹。这次也会一样吗?
我认为最糟糕的情况已经过去。后面还有一点,但不会很糟糕。我认为这是一轮健康淘汰的过程。人们不得不重新思考如何评估资产价值,更加脚踏实地,认识到将要建设更强大的行业,这是有益的。
现在,所有假设的基础是整体宏观环境不会继续恶化。如果纳斯达克再跌25%,利率涨到7%,衰退持续两年半,我认为比特币可能会跌到1.5万美元或1万美元。然后可能会出现新一轮血洗市场。
贪婪是好事?
SBF曾因交易业绩出色被誉为“风险王子”,而在经济低迷时期他也不负众望,投资了众多陷入困境的风险投资公司,践行了沃伦·巴菲特的格言:“别人害怕时要贪婪”。
SBF就像只有一个人的央行,支持对象(4)包括苦苦挣扎的加密货币贷款机构BlockFi(提供4亿美元贷款)和加密资产经纪公司Voyager Digital(提供约5亿美元贷款),目前Voyager Digital正在根据美国《破产法》第11章申请破产保护。与此同时,他持有加密货币交易平台罗宾汉(Robinhood)约7.6%股份,还完全收购了一家加密游戏公司。由于SBF在业内的垄断地位,有人将他比作摩根大通(J.P. Morgan)之类在美国金融动荡早期攫取资产的富豪。
你安然度过了本轮低谷(5),还借机收购了其他一些公司的股份。你采取了什么策略?
班克曼·弗里德:主要考虑几点。第一:有没有办法支持客户资产?第二就是防止动荡蔓延。如果一个地方崩溃,会不会导致更多地方爆炸?会出现连锁反应吗?
然后是第三件事,其实属于前两件事:能找到划算的交易吗?或者更准确地说,能找到“还不赖”的交易吗?核心任务不是达成很棒的收购,目标是做成合理的交易,甚至可能有点差,但不可怕。
一位长期从事加密货币的内部人士告诉我,以后你会像沃伦·巴菲特一样拥有大笔资产,还能让很多人欠你人情。你认为这种说法有没有夸大?
希望没夸大,不过可能是有点夸张了。我希望跟别人合作时,比起有特别理由时表现得更慷慨些。
坦率地说,更重要的一点是信任,做交易时我可不想担心对方会不会用预想不到的20种方式算计我。因为如果真是这样,就没法做交易了,对吧?
我想设定标准,比如,“听着,我们不会想搞你,会努力做到合理,尽量慷慨。我们试着合理合作,从对整体有益的角度考虑问题,然后再考虑分馅饼。”
缺乏信任是巨大的交易成本,我刚进入行业时低估了这一点。
FTX以允许用户交易衍生品闻名。(6) 即便你到处传播FTX品牌,衍生品还是极少有人理解,更不用说使用。
我们正在做的品牌推广工作。(7)不是为了直接获取客户。正如你所说,多数人不交易加密衍生品,我们在美国都不提供加密货币衍生品交易服务。与其说获得客户,不如说是企业品牌推广。
但我认为你的核心观点是对的,最终我们需要有直接改善人们生活的案例。我希望行业能多做一些。
那么,你是说加密货币缺乏实用性同样也是FTX面临的问题吗?
是的,坦率地说,我们一直在努力找人(开发更实用的加密程序)。我认为做区块链社交媒体网络并不一定适合FTX,但我们非常乐意在技术上提供帮助。希望有人能做好。
我们一直非常积极寻找有引人注目案例的项目然后投资。我其实真的跟公司资深开发人员谈过,比如“我认为有些东西对行业来说很重要。要花多长时间能做出来?”
我得到的回应是:“天哪,山姆,我们可没法三个月新开一家公司。”不过在某个时候,如果其他人都没动作,我们会采取行动。
并非加密兄弟
加密世界喜欢有传奇色彩的英雄,比如比特币化名创始人中本聪(Satoshi),还有交易所巨头币安(Binance)特立独行的首席执行官赵长鹏。
虽然SBF看起来要进入封神行列,但他很特别,打破了很多“加密兄弟”的成见。他父亲是斯坦福大学(Stanford University)法学教授,2020年是乔·拜登竞选总统最大手笔的捐赠者之一,他信奉利他主义和道德义务哲学。SBF说自己是素食主义者,主要因为厌恶工业动物农场的残酷,对加密圈其他富豪的花哨消费几乎没兴趣。换言之,他与圈中很多人非常不一样,而他现在是加密圈实际领导者。
你说你进入加密货币行业是因为发现了赚大钱的方法——不是因为想改变世界或取代政府等等。坦率地说,这让人耳目一新。但你的观点是否会导致跟加密虔诚信徒关系紧张?
班克曼·弗里德:我想,我会为最相信这个领域的人们做正确的事,这是我义不容辞的责任。有些人对我持怀疑态度,认为我更看重务实角度而非意识形态。我相信区块链,因为我认为这项技术很有用,可以以非常具体的方式让世界变得更好。
我相信,行业前景最终取决于区块链能否对世界产生真正积极的影响。我想我能充分代表其他相信行业的人,即便他们刚开始看待行业的角度并不相同,不过总还是有点不安。
随着威权主义、气候危机等等蔓延,感觉全世界都身处火海。为了解决各种问题,似乎需要某种形式的集体主义,当然不一定是斯堪的纳维亚式社会主义。然而,加密社区的世界观通常是超自由主义,偏个人主义。你担不担心加密货币可能导致公民秩序下滑?
我觉得有点奇怪。就同一个话题我给你两种不同的看法。当你想到威权主义时,可以从需要集体行动加以抵制的角度来考虑,也可以想象加密货币本身就是威权主义的诅咒。我认为两个都是事实,对吗?
我认为盛气凌人、漠不关心的态度,践踏他人,造成了世界上很多坏现象。这并不是加密行业代表的意义,我认为加密行业刚好相反。
但另一方面,你不能完全不参与其中,对吗?你不能忽视(类似威权主义)然后说,“我们就守在去中心化的岛上,忽略周围的世界。”必须参与,加密货币可以成为世界的一部分。但这不是全部答案,并不是所有事都能解释一切。
这些是比较深刻的想法。我们谈点轻松话题结束吧。如果宏观层面没有严重冲击,你猜以太坊(Ethereum)价格会怎么走?两年内比特币能达到10万美元吗?(8)
天啊,以太坊很有趣。显然,随着即将到来的合并(9), 会出现很大波动性,对吗?我认为可能变得更好也可能更糟——我不知道答案。
我认为比特币更容易预测。如果行业迎来更多阵痛和清盘,情况会改变。但会从大屠杀中恢复一点,监管也会明确,这可能是巨大的外部冲击,可能在明年出现的积极冲击。如果能涨到10万美元很幸运,不排除这种可能性。但是,如果年底你告诉我比特币涨到3.5万美元,我也只能接受。
山姆疯狂“购物”
虽然加密市场内爆导致大多数幸存者收缩并持有现金,但SBF抓住了这一时机,把危机当成买入机会。随着他的影响力网络增长,会在信奉去中心化的行业里变成巨鳄吗?或者,尽管他在巴哈马发表了讲话,会不会引起美国监管机构愤怒?我们拭目以待。与此同时,来看看他最近一些交易,有些作为个人,有些则通过控制的各种公司实体完成。
BlockFi
加密热潮巅峰时期,这家贷款公司通过简化进入所谓去中心化金融市场渠道,为消费者提供9%或更高回报。但跟很多同行一样,今年春天BlockFi遇到了流动性问题。SBF趁机提供了4亿美元的信贷额度,并表示此举可以帮助BlockFi“保持优势地位引领市场”。如果该公司没做到,该交易中SBF还享有直接收购BlockFi的选择权。
罗宾汉
去年上市以来,加密货币交易平台罗宾汉的股票遭受了重创,今年春天下跌超过80%,跌至10美元以下。这给了SBF奇袭的机会。5月,他抢购了陷入困境的罗宾汉7.6%股份。SBF一直对罗宾汉的计划守口如瓶,但有猜测称他可能会全盘收购,顺便将有价值的客户名单纳入囊中。
VoyagerDigital
与BlockFi一样,Voyager也是加密货币贷款公司,遇到了破产后偿付能力问题。6月SBF提供了2亿美元和1.5万比特币的信贷额度。5月该公司申请破产之前动用了其中的7500万美元。(破产文件显示,除了作为Voyager最大债权人,FTX也是其最大的债务人之一。)
GoodLuckGames
3月,FTX收购了专门开发加密游戏的Good Luck Games,创始团队是纸牌游戏万智牌(Magic: The Gathering)的行业元老。该笔交易说明,SBF正展望加密货币的下一阶段,很多人认为以后游戏会成为很重要一块。
日本、加拿大、韩国的交易所
2月FTX收购了一家名叫Liquid的日本加密交易平台,6月收购了加拿大合规加密交易所Bitvo。两笔交易价格尚未披露,但之前每家公司估值都在10亿美元以上。7月底,新闻报道称FTX即将收购韩国加密货币交易所Bithumb。这几笔收购可帮助FTX扩大客户群,也为国际扩张提供了快速通道,因为被收购公司已与当地监管机构建立了关系。
注释
(1)现在稳定:1月,在加密冬天最糟糕时期,FTX以320亿美元估值募集到4亿美元。交易业务似乎保持强劲:FTX表示,2022年上半年总交易量为760亿美元,而2021同期为640亿美元。
(2)这可是万亿美元:2021年11月市场触及峰值以来,加密货币的整体市值损失了约2万亿美元。因此,该领域很多初创公司要么破产,要么估值跳水。
(3)无处藏身:通货膨胀加剧和俄乌冲突等因素全面打击资产价格,加密货币也不例外。虽然长期以来支持者一直认为危机时期比特币会成为安全的避风港,然而当前其低迷走势说明并非如此。
(4)伸出援手:想了解SBF最新交易的更多信息,请参阅上方侧栏。
(5)只是零钱?根据彭博亿万富翁指数(Bloomberg Billionaires Index),2022年SBF的净值减少了47亿美元。
(6)水晶球赌注:衍生品是预测资产未来价格的交易工具。衍生品也有实际用途,例如,航空公司可能会用来对冲航空燃油的未来价格,但也会成为加密货币和其他领域大量投机活动的基础。
(7)球赛:最近的加密热潮中,各公司陷入了营销热潮,FTX更是如此。该公司在美国职业棒球大联盟(MLB)裁判身上加了自家公司标志,代价未披露,又花了1.35亿美元购买NBA迈阿密热火队(Miami Heat)赛场的冠名权,还为拉里·戴维(Larry David)的超级碗广告支付了650万美元。
(8)崩溃曲线:比特币和以太坊的价格趋势见上图。
(9)合并顺利:智能合约平台以太坊是仅次于比特币的市值排名第二的区块链,正计划称为合并的重大技术升级。如果成功,以太坊将大大降低能耗并提高交易速度。该项更新已推迟多次,目前计划在9月进行。(财富中文网)
本文刊载于2022年8月/9月的《财富》杂志,标题为《对话:山姆·班克曼-弗里德》
译者:夏林
从山姆·班克曼-弗里德外表,根本看不出如今他是加密货币圈最有权势的人。这位30岁的年轻人态度和善,衣服皱皱巴巴,一头凌乱卷发,人们一般叫他名字的缩写SBF。他对英雄联盟,指尖陀螺,还有其他宅文化兴趣浓厚。但在不修边幅的外表之下,他是一位志向远大的交易神童。SBF毕业于麻省理工学院(MIT)物理系,成功创办公司Alameda Research之前曾在著名的量化基金Jane Street Capital磨练交易技能。2019年,他创立了加密交易所FTX,被不少人誉为有史以来最好的衍生品平台。(1)
SBF早已是亿万富翁企业家(他的财富价值115亿美元左右),如今又有了全新身份:加密货币圈白衣骑士,在比特币(Bitcoin)和其他资产崩盘的“加密冬天”中奋力拯救了一些苦苦挣扎的初创公司。他最近到访纽约时,我们跟他坐下来讨论了投资、加密货币的未来以及他对FTX的最终设想。
为篇幅和简明起见,本篇问答经过删简。
冬天来了
山姆,很多业内人士预测到加密货币会迎来寒冬。你预料到了吗?如果你也料到,想过情况会如此糟糕吗?
班克曼-弗里德:是,也不是。我没料到会这么糟。(2)但如果你说的是纳斯达克从峰值下跌40%,我确实早就猜到了。(市场)动向里可能仅有三分之一针对加密货币,另外三分之二只是宏观事件(3)。
2014年和2018年之前加密货币也崩溃过,之后出现前所未有的强劲反弹。这次也会一样吗?
我认为最糟糕的情况已经过去。后面还有一点,但不会很糟糕。我认为这是一轮健康淘汰的过程。人们不得不重新思考如何评估资产价值,更加脚踏实地,认识到将要建设更强大的行业,这是有益的。
现在,所有假设的基础是整体宏观环境不会继续恶化。如果纳斯达克再跌25%,利率涨到7%,衰退持续两年半,我认为比特币可能会跌到1.5万美元或1万美元。然后可能会出现新一轮血洗市场。
贪婪是好事?
SBF曾因交易业绩出色被誉为“风险王子”,而在经济低迷时期他也不负众望,投资了众多陷入困境的风险投资公司,践行了沃伦·巴菲特的格言:“别人害怕时要贪婪”。
SBF就像只有一个人的央行,支持对象(4)包括苦苦挣扎的加密货币贷款机构BlockFi(提供4亿美元贷款)和加密资产经纪公司Voyager Digital(提供约5亿美元贷款),目前Voyager Digital正在根据美国《破产法》第11章申请破产保护。与此同时,他持有加密货币交易平台罗宾汉(Robinhood)约7.6%股份,还完全收购了一家加密游戏公司。由于SBF在业内的垄断地位,有人将他比作摩根大通(J.P. Morgan)之类在美国金融动荡早期攫取资产的富豪。
你安然度过了本轮低谷(5),还借机收购了其他一些公司的股份。你采取了什么策略?
班克曼·弗里德:主要考虑几点。第一:有没有办法支持客户资产?第二就是防止动荡蔓延。如果一个地方崩溃,会不会导致更多地方爆炸?会出现连锁反应吗?
然后是第三件事,其实属于前两件事:能找到划算的交易吗?或者更准确地说,能找到“还不赖”的交易吗?核心任务不是达成很棒的收购,目标是做成合理的交易,甚至可能有点差,但不可怕。
一位长期从事加密货币的内部人士告诉我,以后你会像沃伦·巴菲特一样拥有大笔资产,还能让很多人欠你人情。你认为这种说法有没有夸大?
希望没夸大,不过可能是有点夸张了。我希望跟别人合作时,比起有特别理由时表现得更慷慨些。
坦率地说,更重要的一点是信任,做交易时我可不想担心对方会不会用预想不到的20种方式算计我。因为如果真是这样,就没法做交易了,对吧?
我想设定标准,比如,“听着,我们不会想搞你,会努力做到合理,尽量慷慨。我们试着合理合作,从对整体有益的角度考虑问题,然后再考虑分馅饼。”
缺乏信任是巨大的交易成本,我刚进入行业时低估了这一点。
FTX以允许用户交易衍生品闻名。(6) 即便你到处传播FTX品牌,衍生品还是极少有人理解,更不用说使用。
我们正在做的品牌推广工作。(7)不是为了直接获取客户。正如你所说,多数人不交易加密衍生品,我们在美国都不提供加密货币衍生品交易服务。与其说获得客户,不如说是企业品牌推广。
但我认为你的核心观点是对的,最终我们需要有直接改善人们生活的案例。我希望行业能多做一些。
那么,你是说加密货币缺乏实用性同样也是FTX面临的问题吗?
是的,坦率地说,我们一直在努力找人(开发更实用的加密程序)。我认为做区块链社交媒体网络并不一定适合FTX,但我们非常乐意在技术上提供帮助。希望有人能做好。
我们一直非常积极寻找有引人注目案例的项目然后投资。我其实真的跟公司资深开发人员谈过,比如“我认为有些东西对行业来说很重要。要花多长时间能做出来?”
我得到的回应是:“天哪,山姆,我们可没法三个月新开一家公司。”不过在某个时候,如果其他人都没动作,我们会采取行动。
并非加密兄弟
加密世界喜欢有传奇色彩的英雄,比如比特币化名创始人中本聪(Satoshi),还有交易所巨头币安(Binance)特立独行的首席执行官赵长鹏。
虽然SBF看起来要进入封神行列,但他很特别,打破了很多“加密兄弟”的成见。他父亲是斯坦福大学(Stanford University)法学教授,2020年是乔·拜登竞选总统最大手笔的捐赠者之一,他信奉利他主义和道德义务哲学。SBF说自己是素食主义者,主要因为厌恶工业动物农场的残酷,对加密圈其他富豪的花哨消费几乎没兴趣。换言之,他与圈中很多人非常不一样,而他现在是加密圈实际领导者。
你说你进入加密货币行业是因为发现了赚大钱的方法——不是因为想改变世界或取代政府等等。坦率地说,这让人耳目一新。但你的观点是否会导致跟加密虔诚信徒关系紧张?
班克曼·弗里德:我想,我会为最相信这个领域的人们做正确的事,这是我义不容辞的责任。有些人对我持怀疑态度,认为我更看重务实角度而非意识形态。我相信区块链,因为我认为这项技术很有用,可以以非常具体的方式让世界变得更好。
我相信,行业前景最终取决于区块链能否对世界产生真正积极的影响。我想我能充分代表其他相信行业的人,即便他们刚开始看待行业的角度并不相同,不过总还是有点不安。
随着威权主义、气候危机等等蔓延,感觉全世界都身处火海。为了解决各种问题,似乎需要某种形式的集体主义,当然不一定是斯堪的纳维亚式社会主义。然而,加密社区的世界观通常是超自由主义,偏个人主义。你担不担心加密货币可能导致公民秩序下滑?
我觉得有点奇怪。就同一个话题我给你两种不同的看法。当你想到威权主义时,可以从需要集体行动加以抵制的角度来考虑,也可以想象加密货币本身就是威权主义的诅咒。我认为两个都是事实,对吗?
我认为盛气凌人、漠不关心的态度,践踏他人,造成了世界上很多坏现象。这并不是加密行业代表的意义,我认为加密行业刚好相反。
但另一方面,你不能完全不参与其中,对吗?你不能忽视(类似威权主义)然后说,“我们就守在去中心化的岛上,忽略周围的世界。”必须参与,加密货币可以成为世界的一部分。但这不是全部答案,并不是所有事都能解释一切。
这些是比较深刻的想法。我们谈点轻松话题结束吧。如果宏观层面没有严重冲击,你猜以太坊(Ethereum)价格会怎么走?两年内比特币能达到10万美元吗?(8)
天啊,以太坊很有趣。显然,随着即将到来的合并(9), 会出现很大波动性,对吗?我认为可能变得更好也可能更糟——我不知道答案。
我认为比特币更容易预测。如果行业迎来更多阵痛和清盘,情况会改变。但会从大屠杀中恢复一点,监管也会明确,这可能是巨大的外部冲击,可能在明年出现的积极冲击。如果能涨到10万美元很幸运,不排除这种可能性。但是,如果年底你告诉我比特币涨到3.5万美元,我也只能接受。
山姆疯狂“购物”
虽然加密市场内爆导致大多数幸存者收缩并持有现金,但SBF抓住了这一时机,把危机当成买入机会。随着他的影响力网络增长,会在信奉去中心化的行业里变成巨鳄吗?或者,尽管他在巴哈马发表了讲话,会不会引起美国监管机构愤怒?我们拭目以待。与此同时,来看看他最近一些交易,有些作为个人,有些则通过控制的各种公司实体完成。
BlockFi
加密热潮巅峰时期,这家贷款公司通过简化进入所谓去中心化金融市场渠道,为消费者提供9%或更高回报。但跟很多同行一样,今年春天BlockFi遇到了流动性问题。SBF趁机提供了4亿美元的信贷额度,并表示此举可以帮助BlockFi“保持优势地位引领市场”。如果该公司没做到,该交易中SBF还享有直接收购BlockFi的选择权。
罗宾汉
去年上市以来,加密货币交易平台罗宾汉的股票遭受了重创,今年春天下跌超过80%,跌至10美元以下。这给了SBF奇袭的机会。5月,他抢购了陷入困境的罗宾汉7.6%股份。SBF一直对罗宾汉的计划守口如瓶,但有猜测称他可能会全盘收购,顺便将有价值的客户名单纳入囊中。
VoyagerDigital
与BlockFi一样,Voyager也是加密货币贷款公司,遇到了破产后偿付能力问题。6月SBF提供了2亿美元和1.5万比特币的信贷额度。5月该公司申请破产之前动用了其中的7500万美元。(破产文件显示,除了作为Voyager最大债权人,FTX也是其最大的债务人之一。)
GoodLuckGames
3月,FTX收购了专门开发加密游戏的Good Luck Games,创始团队是纸牌游戏万智牌(Magic: The Gathering)的行业元老。该笔交易说明,SBF正展望加密货币的下一阶段,很多人认为以后游戏会成为很重要一块。
日本、加拿大、韩国的交易所
2月FTX收购了一家名叫Liquid的日本加密交易平台,6月收购了加拿大合规加密交易所Bitvo。两笔交易价格尚未披露,但之前每家公司估值都在10亿美元以上。7月底,新闻报道称FTX即将收购韩国加密货币交易所Bithumb。这几笔收购可帮助FTX扩大客户群,也为国际扩张提供了快速通道,因为被收购公司已与当地监管机构建立了关系。
注释
(1)现在稳定:1月,在加密冬天最糟糕时期,FTX以320亿美元估值募集到4亿美元。交易业务似乎保持强劲:FTX表示,2022年上半年总交易量为760亿美元,而2021同期为640亿美元。
(2)这可是万亿美元:2021年11月市场触及峰值以来,加密货币的整体市值损失了约2万亿美元。因此,该领域很多初创公司要么破产,要么估值跳水。
(3)无处藏身:通货膨胀加剧和俄乌冲突等因素全面打击资产价格,加密货币也不例外。虽然长期以来支持者一直认为危机时期比特币会成为安全的避风港,然而当前其低迷走势说明并非如此。
(4)伸出援手:想了解SBF最新交易的更多信息,请参阅上方侧栏。
(5)只是零钱?根据彭博亿万富翁指数(Bloomberg Billionaires Index),2022年SBF的净值减少了47亿美元。
(6)水晶球赌注:衍生品是预测资产未来价格的交易工具。衍生品也有实际用途,例如,航空公司可能会用来对冲航空燃油的未来价格,但也会成为加密货币和其他领域大量投机活动的基础。
(7)球赛:最近的加密热潮中,各公司陷入了营销热潮,FTX更是如此。该公司在美国职业棒球大联盟(MLB)裁判身上加了自家公司标志,代价未披露,又花了1.35亿美元购买NBA迈阿密热火队(Miami Heat)赛场的冠名权,还为拉里·戴维(Larry David)的超级碗广告支付了650万美元。
(8)崩溃曲线:比特币和以太坊的价格趋势见上图。
(9)合并顺利:智能合约平台以太坊是仅次于比特币的市值排名第二的区块链,正计划称为合并的重大技术升级。如果成功,以太坊将大大降低能耗并提高交易速度。该项更新已推迟多次,目前计划在9月进行。(财富中文网)
本文刊载于2022年8月/9月的《财富》杂志,标题为《对话:山姆·班克曼-弗里德》
译者:夏林
Sam Bankman-Fried does not look like the most powerful man in crypto. Friendly and rumpled, with an unruly halo of curly hair, the 30-year-old widely known as SBF has an affinity for League of Legends, fidget spinners, and other trappings of nerd culture. But underneath the goofy facade is a trading wunderkind whose ambition knows no limits. An MIT physics grad, SBF honed his trading skills at renowned quant shop Jane Street Capital before launching a successful firm of his own, Alameda Research. In 2019 he founded crypto exchange FTX, hailed by some as the best derivatives platform ever built.¹
Already a multibillionaire entrepreneur (his fortune is valued at $11.5 billion or so), today SBF has a new identity: crypto’s white knight, swooping in to save some of the startups struggling amid the “crypto winter” in which Bitcoin and other assets have crash-landed. We sat down with him on a recent visit to New York to talk about his investments, the future of crypto, and his endgame for FTX.
This edited Q&A has been condensed for space and clarity.
Winter is … here
Sam, a lot of people in the industry predicted the current crypto winter. Did you? And if so, did you think it would be this bad?
Bankman-Fried: Yes and no. I would not have guessed this bad.² But if you told me that Nasdaq was gonna be down 40% from its peak, then I would have guessed. Probably only a third of this [market] move was crypto specific. And the other two-thirds was just macro events.³
Previous crypto crashes in 2014 and 2018 were followed by the industry bouncing back stronger than ever. Will it be the same this time?
I think we’ve already seen the worst of it; there’s a little more to come, but it’s not very bad. And I think it’s been a healthy weeding out. It’s been healthy that people have had to rethink how to value assets and had to be a little more grounded—and to realize that we’ll build back a stronger industry.
Now, that is all with the assumption that the overall macro environment doesn’t degrade from here. If the Nasdaq has another 25% left to drop, and if interest rates are actually going up to 7%, and if we’re going to be in a recession for two and a half years—in that world, I think Bitcoin might go down to $15K or $10K. Then there may be a new round of carnage that comes from that.
Greed is good?
Once dubbed the “prince of risk” for his trading exploits, SBF has lived up to the label during the downturn, investing in numerous troubled ventured and exemplifying the Warren Buffett maxim: Be “greedy when others are fearful.”
Acting much like a one-man central bank, SBF has backstopped players⁴ including struggling lender BlockFi (with a $400 million credit facility) and crypto asset broker Voyager Digital (a loan of around $500 million), which is now in Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings. Meanwhile, he has also taken about a 7.6% stake in trading app Robinhood, and outright acquired a crypto gaming company. SBF’s dominance has sparked comparisons to J.P. Morgan and other plutocrats who scooped up assets during earlier eras of turbulence in American finance.
You’ve weathered this downturn pretty well⁵ and used it to acquire stakes in a number of other companies. What’s the strategy here?
Bankman-Fried: There are a few things that go into it. First: Is there a way for us to backstop customer assets? The second thing is stopping contagion spread. You know, if a place blows up, can it cause more places to blow up? Are we gonna see a chain reaction?
And then the third thing, subordinate to those two: Is there a good deal for us here? Or to be precise, is there a “not bad” deal for us here? The mandate here was not to try to make amazing acquisitions. The mandate here was to make deals that are kind of reasonable, maybe even a little bad, but not horrific.
A longtime crypto insider told me you’re going to come out of this looking like Warren Buffett—owning a lot, and everyone owing you a lot of favors. Do you think that’s overstating it?
I hope it’s not overstating it, though it might be. I want to be in a position where when we work with people, we’re a little more generous than we have particular reason to be.
The bigger piece of this, frankly, is a trust thing where I don’t want to have to worry when I’m doing a deal about whether the other side is going to try and fuck me in 20 ways I’m not anticipating. Because if that’s true, just doing the deal becomes fucking impossible, right?
I want to set a standard, like, “Look, we’re just not going to try and fuck you, we’re gonna try and be reasonable, we’re going to try and be generous when we can. Let’s just try to work reasonably together and consider things from what is good for the sum-of-us perspective and then we can think about splitting the pie.”
Lack of trust is an enormous transaction cost, and I underestimated this when I first got into business.
FTX is known for allowing users to trade derivatives.⁶ But derivatives are a product that few people understand let alone use, even if you splash the FTX brand everywhere.
The branding things we’re doing⁷ are not for direct customer acquisition. As you said, most people are not trading crypto derivatives, and we don’t even offer them in the United States. It’s much more of a corporate branding thing than it is a customer acquisition thing.
But I think your core point is right that, eventually, we need to have use cases that make people’s lives directly better. That’s something I wish the industry did a lot more.
So are you saying this lack of utility for crypto is FTX’s problem too?
Yes, and frankly we’ve been trying to find people to [build more practical crypto applications]. I don’t think running a blockchain social media network is a great fit for FTX, but we’d be super happy to help technologically with that. I want someone to build that out and do a great job of it.
We’ve been very actively seeking out projects with compelling use cases that we can invest in. I would be lying if I said I haven’t had conversations with our senior developers like, “Here are some things I think it is important for the industry to build. How long would it take us to build them?”
The sort of response I get back is like, “Jesus Christ, Sam, we can’t also start a whole new company in the next three months.” But at some point, we will pull the trigger on that if no one else is doing it.
No bro
The crypto world loves to embrace larger-than-life heroes like Satoshi, Bitcoin’s pseudonymous founder, and Changpeng Zhao, maverick CEO of giant trading exchange Binance.
And while SBF looks to be joining that pantheon, he stands out, shattering many of the “crypto bro” stereotypes. The son of Stanford Law professors, he was among Joe Biden’s largest donors in 2020, and he espouses a philosophy of altruism and moral obligation. SBF says he’s a vegan because he’s repulsed by the cruelty of industrial animal farms, and shows little appetite for the garish consumption practiced by other wealthy crypto figures. He is, in other words, very unlike many people in the community of which he is now the de facto leader.
You’ve said you came to crypto because you saw a way to make a lot of money— not because you want to change the world or replace the government and all that stuff. It’s kind of refreshing, frankly. But does your outlook cause tension with crypto true believers?
Bankman-Fried: I would like to think that I’ll do right by the people who believe in this space the most, but that’s incumbent on me. There’s been skepticism of me from people who, correctly, view me as coming at it from a pragmatic rather than ideological perspective. I believe in blockchain because I think it’s useful and can make the world better in very specific practical ways.
My belief is that the industry is contingent on blockchains ultimately being able to have a real positive impact on the world. I’d like to think I do a good job of representing other people who believe in the industry even if they came at it from a different angle originally, but there is always a little bit of unease there.
It feels like the world is on fire right now with the march of authoritarianism, the climate crisis, and so on. To tackle all this, it seems we need, if not Scandinavian-style socialism, at least some form of collectivism. And yet, the crypto community’s worldview is typically a hyper-libertarian, individualistic one. Do you ever worry crypto may be contributing to the decline of civic order?
I think it’s weird. Let me give you two different takes on the same topic. When you think about authoritarianism, you can think about it in terms of needing collective action to resist it. Or you can think about it in terms of crypto itself being anathema to authoritarianism. And I think there’s truth to both of those, right?
I think a domineering and uncaring attitude, and being willing to trample on other people, has brought a lot of these bad things to the world. That is very much not what the crypto space has stood for—and I think crypto is a good counterpoint to that.
But on the other hand, you can’t just not play the game at all, right? You can’t just ignore [something like authoritarianism] and say, “We’re going to have our decentralized island and ignore what’s going on around us in the world.” You do have to engage, and crypto can be a piece of that. But it can’t be the whole answer—not everything is about everything.
Those are some big ideas. Let’s end on something lighter. Barring any major macro shocks, what’s your best guess for the price of Ethereum? And could Bitcoin hit $100,000 in two years?⁸
Boy, Ethereum is interesting. Obviously, with the upcoming merge⁹, there’s huge volatility, right? I think it could get way better or way worse—I just don’t know the answer.
I think Bitcoin’s a little bit easier to predict. If there’s more pain and more liquidations, that changes things. But a bit more recovery from the carnage, and regulatory clarity—that could be a big exogenous shock, a positive shock that could come over the next year. We’d be lucky to hit $100K, but I wouldn’t rule it out. But, you know, if you told me at the end of the year, Bitcoin is gonna be at $35K, I’d fucking take that.
Sam’s shopping spree
While the implosion of the crypto markets has led most survivors to hunker down and conserve cash, SBF has seized the moment as a buying opportunity. As his web of influence grows, will he get too big for an industry that prizes decentralization? Or, despite his Bahamian address, might he attract the ire of U.S. regulators? We’ll see. In the meantime, a look at some of his recent deals, which he has conducted both as an individual and through various corporate vehicles he controls.
BlockFi
At the height of the crypto boom, the lending company was offering consumers returns of 9% or more through simplified access to so-called DeFi markets. But like many of its peers, BlockFi ran into liquidity trouble this spring. SBF swooped in with a $400 million credit facility, saying the loan would help BlockFi “navigate the market from a position of strength.” Should it fail to do so, the deal also gives SBF an option to acquire BlockFi outright.
Robinhood
Since its IPO last year, Robinhood’s stock has taken a beating, falling over 80% to below $10 this spring. That led SBF to pounce. In May, he snapped up a 7.6% stake in the troubled stock-trading and crypto app. SBF has been cagey about his plans for Robinhood, but there’s been speculation that he could buy it—and its valuable customer list—outright.
Voyager Digital
Like BlockFi, Voyager is a crypto lender that ran into postcrash solvency problems. SBF offered a loan facility in the form of $200 million and 15,000 Bitcoins in June. The company drew on $75 million of that before filing for bankruptcy in May. (The bankruptcy documents reveal that in addition to being one of Voyager’s biggest creditors, FTX is also one of its biggest debtors.)
Good Luck Games
In March, FTX obtained Good Luck Games, a crypto-focused company founded by veterans of the card game Magic: The Gathering. The deal supports a thesis that SBF is looking ahead to the next phase of crypto, which many believe will have a large gaming component.
Exchanges in Japan, Canada, Korea
FTX acquired a Japanese trading platform called Liquid in February and then in June picked up Bitvo, a Canadian exchange. The price of each deal was not disclosed, but each company has previously been valued above $1 billion. In late July, news reports said FTX was on the cusp of buying Korean exchange Bithumb. These buys offer a way for FTX to grow its customer base—but also a fast track to international expansion since the acquired companies have established relations with local regulators.
Between the linesi
Steady now: In January, before the worst of the crypto winter, FTX raised $400 million at a $32 billion valuation. Trading operations appear to be holding strong: FTX says total volume was $76 billion in the first half of 2022 compared to $64 billion in the same period in 2021.
(2)
(2) That’s trillion with a T: Cryptocurrencies as a whole have lost about $2 trillion since the November 2021 market peak. As a result, numerous startups in the space have gone under or seen their value plummet.
(3) Nowhere to hide: Forces such as rising inflation and the Ukraine war have battered asset prices across the board, and crypto is no exception. While boosters have long argued that Bitcoin would serve as a safe haven in times of crisis, this has been belied by the current downturn.
(4) Lending a hand: See sidebar above for more on SBF’s latest deals.
(5) Pocket change? According to the Bloomberg Billionaires Index, SBF’s net worth has dropped by $4.7 billion in 2022.
(6) Crystal ball bets: Derivatives are trading instruments that involve predicting the future price of assets. They have a practical use—for instance, an airline might use them to hedge the future price of jet fuel—but also form the basis of huge amounts of speculative activity in crypto and elsewhere.
(7) Playing ball: During the recent crypto boom, companies engaged in a frenzy of marketing—none more so than FTX. The company paid an undisclosed amount to put its logo on every MLB umpire, spent a reported $135 million for naming rights to the arena of the NBA’s Miami Heat, and laid out a reported $6.5 million for a Super Bowl ad featuring Larry David.
(8) Charting a crash: See graphics at left for the price trends in Bitcoin and Ethereum.
(9) Merge right: Ethereum, the smart contract platform that is the second most valuable blockchain after Bitcoin, is planning a major technological upgrade known as the Merge. If successful, it will drastically reduce its energy use and improve transaction speed. The update, which has been delayed repeatedly, is currently set to be attempted in September.
This article appears in the August/September 2022 issue of Fortune with the headline, “The Conversation: Sam Bankman-Fried.”