COVID-19 can impact the risk of developing a host of neurological disorders.

While long COVID’s impact on people is still being critically studied, new research found that the virus may increase the risk of developing memory problems and even Alzheimer’s in the year after initial infection.

“It’s really sobering,” says epidemiologist and researcher on the study Ziyad Al-Aly in an interview with WBUR. “COVID-19 is really not as benign as some people think it is.”

The study, conducted by researchers at the Washington University School of Medicine and the Veterans Affairs St. Louis Health Care system using the health care database from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, was published in the journal Nature Medicine last month and studied roughly 150,000 people with COVID-19 in comparison to about 11 million people without COVID-19.

In the first year following COVID-19 infection, people had a risk of developing 44 neurological brain disorders beyond brain fog. Some of the conditions Al-Aly noted in the interview were seizures, headaches, anxiety, depression, and Alzheimer’s, and if you’ve had COVID-19 you’re 42% more likely to have other neurological issues the year after initial infection, according to the study. COVID-19 can increase inflammation in the brain and lead to the development of these disorders, he says.

While Alzheimer’s usually takes years to manifest, Al-Aly says it doesn’t just come on directly from COVID-19, but rather impacts those who may be already predisposed to the disorder.

“COVID sort of accelerates the development of the disease,” he says to WBUR. “Let’s say a person who is going to have maybe Alzheimer’s at age 80 or 85, and now they’re 60 and all of a sudden they have it at age 61.”

It’s still unclear why some people have adverse effects to COVID as opposed to others, but genetics, health background, and the strain of the virus may all play a role.

“We need to take this infection very seriously,” he says. “What we now know is that some of the manifestations of long COVID may actually improve with time but some other manifestations like Alzheimer’s disease…these are lifelong conditions.”

Getting vaccinated doesn’t eliminate the chance, but can reduce the risk, of developing long COVID, and “remains the cornerstone of our public health response,” adds Al-Aly, who recommends taking precautionary measures.