全球收入最高的五大黑帮

    2、松采沃兄弟会(SolntsevskayaBratva) 收入：85亿美元

    俄罗斯黑帮采用的组织结构与日本极道迥然不同。根据牛津大学（University of Oxford）犯罪学教授和国际集团犯罪研究专家弗雷德里克•瓦雷泽的介绍，俄罗斯黑帮是高度分散化的。松采沃兄弟会由10个不同的半自治“大队”组成，运作时相对独立。然而，瓦雷泽表示，该组织确实会整合他们的资源，组织的财产由一个12人委员会管理，他们“定期在全球不同的地方会面，会议通常会伪装成节庆活动。”

    据估计，该组织有不少于9,000名成员，主要收入来源是毒品贸易和贩卖人口。通常情况下，俄罗斯犯罪团伙会大量涉足来自阿富汗的海洛因贸易：据估计，俄罗斯消费了全球12%的海洛因，而该国人口仅占全球的0.5%。

    3、克莫拉(Camorra) 收入：49亿美元

    美国的意大利裔黑手党最近几十年来受到了执法机关的严厉打击，不过意大利国内的黑手党依旧十分强势。尽管意大利的公民、记者和政府官员努力了多年，但该国的地方政府依旧与许多黑帮团伙保持联系，并为他们提供保护。米兰圣心天主教大学（UniversitàCattolica）和跨国犯罪联合研究中心（Joint research Centre on Transnational Crime）2013年的研究估计，意大利的黑手党总共赚取了330亿美元的收入，其中大部分由四大黑手党瓜分。

    克莫拉是这些团伙中最为成功的一个，估计每年能够攫取49亿美元的收入。这份研究报告显示，他们涉足的领域丰富多样：“性剥削、军火交易、毒品、制假、赌博……高利贷以及敲诈。”而克莫拉已经这样经营了很长时间。该组织总部位于那不勒斯，历史可以追溯到19世纪，最早是一个监狱里的团伙。这个团伙的成员在19世纪初获释之际，正赶上意大利血雨腥风般的政治斗争。通过提供安全保护，该团伙迅速壮大，俨然成为一支代表意大利贫困阶层的政治力量。

    2. SolntsevskayaBratva—Revenue: $8.5 billion

    Russian mafia groups sit on the other side of the organizational spectrum from Yakuza. Their structure, according to Frederico Varese, a professor of criminology at the University of Oxford and an expert on international organized crime, is highly decentralized. The group is composed of 10 separate quasi-autonomous “brigades” that operate more or less independently of each other. The group does pool its resources, however, and the money is overseen by a 12-person council that “meets regularly in different parts of the world, often disguising their meetings as festive occasions,” Varesi says.

    It’s estimated that the group claims upwards of 9,000 members, and that it’s bread and butter is the drug trade and human trafficking. Russian organized crime in general is heavily involved in the heroin trade that originates in Afghanistan: it’s estimated that Russia consumes about 12% of the world’s heroin, while it contains just 0.5% of the world’s population.

    3. Camorra—Revenue: $4.9 billion

    While the Italian-American mafia has been severely weakened in recent decades by law enforcement, the Italian mafia in the old country is still running strong. Despite years of efforts from citizens, journalists, and government officials, the local governments in Italy remain linked to and protective of various mafia groups, to the point where a 2013 study from the UniversitàCattolica and the Joint research Centre on Transnational Crime estimated that mafia activities generate revenue of $33 billion dollars, mostly divided among Italy’s four major mafia gangs.

    Camorra is the most successful of these groups, raking in an estimated $4.9 billion per year on everything from “sexual exploitation, firearms trafficking, drugs, counterfeiting, gambling … usury and extortion,” according to the report. And Camorra has been at it a long time. Based in Naples, the group’s history dates back to the 19th century, when it was formed initially as a prison gang. As members were released, the group flourished during the bloody political struggles in Italy during the 1800s by offering protection services and as a force for political organization among Italy’s poor.