美国运动员兼职打工备战奥运

    美国政府不为奥运健儿提供资助，这一做法迥异于绝大多数其他国家。美国赛艇协会（the U.S. Rowing Association）首席执行官格伦•默里指出，美国各种运动队的资金来源各不相同，大概只有30-35%资金来自美国奥委会（the U.S Olympic Committee）的拨款——而美国奥委会的资金又是来自国际奥委会（the International Olympic Committee）。“美国奥委会拥有大量资金，但需要分给各种运动的管理机构，”默里说。“今年我们从将从他们那里得到120万美元，有一阵子则低至只有75万美元。”另一项资金来源是私人捐赠，少的捐10美元，多的达到10万美元，总计也有100万美元。第三项则是用高尔夫球赛（每位参加者需交5,000美元）等活动募集资金。每家管理机构各显神通，有的从企业那里获得的赞助较多，超过私人支持者的捐赠。

    美国奥委会资助各类运动的模式并非一成不变，过去有所谓的基础资金——即每种运动至少都可以获得一定额度的拨款。不过，美国奥委会体育成绩负责人艾伦•阿什利表示，奥委会逐渐改变了模式，对各种运动的管理机构实行更符合其特点的政策。“我们与各种国家级运动管理机构的关系相当个性化，因此我们与柔道、赛艇和田径协会的关系各不相同，都是根据其需要量体裁衣，尽可能为其训练营、教练及参与适当竞争的策略等提供支持。”他还指出，决定拨款多少的因素是：此种运动已获得多少奖牌，以及今后赢得奖牌的可能性大不大。此外，各管理机构的能力、以及他们在美国奥委会不帮忙的情况下自行筹集资金的能力都会影响到拨款金额。“有些运动有很多会员，能举办大型活动，还经常上电视，另一些运动则相对冷门，很难筹集到资金，”阿什利说。运动管理机构的资金中，美国奥委会拨款所占比例介于5-95%之间。

    The U.S government is one of only a few countries that do not give money to Olympians. Glenn Merry, the CEO of the U.S. Rowing Association said that every team within the United States is funded differently, with only 30% to 35% of their funding coming from the U.S Olympic Committee, which receives money from the International Olympic Committee (IOC). "The U.S Olympic Committee has a pot of money that is divided between the governing bodies," said Merry. "This year we will get $1,200,000 from them, but at one point it was as low as $750,000." Another source of funding comes from private donors giving anywhere from $10 to $100,000 adding up to $1 million. Their third component comes from golf outings, a 5K run, and other fundraising events. Every governing body differs, and some might earn more money from corporate sponsors compared to private donors.

    The U.S Olympic Committee hasn't always had the same model for funding each sport. They used to have a base of funding -- every sport was guaranteed a certain amount of money. Alan Ashley, the chief of sport performance at The U.S. Olympic Committee says that, over time, the Games have moved toward a more customized approach for the governing bodies of each sport. "Our relationship with each national governing body is very customized. So our relationships with judo, rowing or track and field are all quite different. They're tailored around trying to do as much as we possibly can to support their strategy in terms of training camps, coaching, getting into the right competitions," he says. This is determined, he says, by looking at how many medals the sport has won, and if it has a good chance of winning in the future. It also varies depending on the capability of each governing body and how much money they can raise without the help of the USOC. "There are sports that have large memberships, do big events, have a lot of television presence, and then there are other ones that are relatively obscure and it's very difficult for them to raise funds," Ashley says. Governing bodies receive anywhere from 5% to 95% of their total funding from the committee.