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停用减肥药后,身材还能保持苗条吗?

这些减肥初创公司告诉客户,他们可以停止注射司美格鲁肽注射液诺和泰和威哥维,并保持苗条身材。医生持不同意见。

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被称为GLP-1的减肥药似乎非常有效。但如果停止服药会发生什么情况呢?图片来源:PHOTO BY RICARDO RUBIO/EUROPA PRESS VIA GETTY IMAGES

“不必永远注射司美格鲁肽注射液诺和泰。”

如果你在谷歌上搜索过如何减肥,或者读过好莱坞最新的灵丹妙药司美格鲁肽注射液诺和泰(Ozempic),你的社交媒体就可能会出现这句话。这则粉色广告是估值37亿美元的减肥初创公司Noom近几个月在Reddit、Instagram 和脸书(Facebook)上发布的宣传活动的一部分,广告显示该药物的蓝色注射笔在一条不超过一年的时间轴下方来回移动。

这则广告所承诺的正是价值900亿美元的美国减肥产业的“圣杯”,是美国人(尤其是美国女性)几代以来一直都在寻找并愿意为之付出高昂代价的良方,从而带来无后顾之忧的全新苗条身材。实现快速减肥,然后回到你熟悉的生活,外表看起来更瘦,更健康,也更快乐。毋庸置疑,自从包括司美格鲁肽注射液诺和泰、威哥维(Wegovy)和Zepbound(Tirzepatide,替西帕肽)在内的新型GLP-1抑制食欲药物进入公众视野以来,近10亿美元的风投资金已注入这一日益壮大的减肥公司领域,根据皮特齐布克公司(Pitchbook)过去一年半的数据,目前该领域已充斥着开具此类药物处方的初创公司。

诚然,这些药物的减肥效果似乎惊人,改变了许多肥胖症患者的生活。但是,一些开具这些药物处方的初创公司所承诺的第二部分——“无需一直服药”的那部分,或者说这些药物可以“重置”你的新陈代谢的概念——则更有争议。制药商诺和诺德(Novo Nordisk)和礼来(Eli Lilly)已经非常明确地表示,这些药物需要长期使用,就像治疗高血压的药物一样,不应短期服用。

事实上,接受《财富》杂志采访的七位医生表示,迄今为止大量医学试验表明,一般来说,停止服用药物的人会在一年左右的时间内恢复减掉的大部分体重。《财富》杂志还采访了五位停止服用GLP-1药物的人,他们都表示,在停止服用药物后,体重开始反弹,对食物的渴望也恢复了。

安吉拉·费奇(Angela Fitch)博士说:“根本不存在所谓的‘新陈代谢重置’。”她是初级保健和肥胖药物提供商Knownwell的首席医疗官,也是肥胖症医学协会(Obesity Medicine Association)的前任主席。布列根和妇女医院(Brigham and Women’s Hospital)体重管理与健康中心的联合主任卡洛琳·阿波维安(Caroline Apovian)博士对此表示赞同:“研究一次又一次地表明,如果停止服药,你的体重就会反弹回来。”

Noom并不是唯一一家将GLP-1药物作为具有长期疗效的短期用药进行营销的初创公司。Calibrate从2020年开始开具减肥药,作为减肥项目的一部分,该公司在显眼位置将这些药物描述为“改善代谢的短期用辅助药物”。在丹麦,一家由风投资金支持的初创公司Embla在其网站上表示,它提供GLP-1药物的“目的很明确,即在您达到目标体重后,健康地过渡到停药期。”(其他公司,包括减肥巨头WeightWatchers和Ro等新近成立的公司,也开始涉足GLP-1药物,不过它们在宣传中都明确表示,这些药物需要长期服用。)

Noom的一位女发言人将这一问题部分归结为客户需求:当被问及该公司将司美格鲁肽注射液诺和泰作为一种在有限时间内服用的药物进行营销时,她强调,大多数患者并不希望永远服用这种药物,并指出,研究显示,“68%的人在第12个月停止服用GLP-1药物,这表明许多人不愿意永远服用这种药物。这一点再怎么强调都不为过。”

虽然市场上用于治疗2型糖尿病的GLP-1药物已有数十年历史,但直到最近,部分药物才被调整,并被美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)批准用于减肥治疗,因此对这些药物及其长期副作用和风险的研究仍处于起步阶段。人们在停用GLP-1药物后能否保持减肥效果仍在持续研究中:科学还远没有定论。

Noom、Calibrate和Embla都表示,有初步数据支持它们的观点,即许多人在停药后可以通过运动和饮食保持减肥效果(尽管《财富》杂志采访的一些医生对这些研究持怀疑态度)。有趣的是,也有一些人通过坚持严格的饮食和锻炼计划成功做到了这一点。

但很显然,并不是每个人都能坚持如此高强度的训练计划,这正是减肥药要解决的部分问题。研究人员雷根·查斯坦(Ragen Chastain)表示,由于服用或停用这类新型药物对健康的长期影响的确切数据如此之少,减肥公司提出的可以短期服用这些药物的建议令人担忧。雷根·查斯坦是通过职业验证的患者权益倡导者,也是一篇探讨体重科学的通讯的作者。“他们是根据短期数据做出长期承诺。”她说,并指出即使是这些数据“实际上也不一定能支持他们的说法。”

就目前而言,药物辅助减肥产业仍处于淘金热时期——有些患者一生都在与体重作斗争,但却无法通过节食或运动来减肥——如今在服用药物的同时实现减肥目标。

但正如Noom指出的那样,似乎大多数服用这些新药的人,不管是否使用减肥公司的处方,最终都会停药,无论是因为费用、药物短缺、副作用,还是因为厌恶长期服药。根据最近的一项保险理赔分析,三分之二的患者在开始服药一年内停药。

这些放弃服药的人能否保持体重,或者像许多其他曾快速减肥的人一样,体重出现“溜溜球”式地反弹?在未来的几个月甚至几年里,这可能会成为一个越来越紧迫的问题。但这种不确定性并没有阻止一些公司向客户保证,他们可以随意服用或停药。

查斯坦指出,竞争激烈的创业世界对新药推广来说是个不同寻常的地方,因为风险投资人施加了扩大规模的压力。她说:“那种‘快速行动、打破陈规’的文化一旦应用到人身上,人就变成了‘事物’,这真的很危险。”她后来补充道:“当创业文化与医疗保健碰撞时,就会产生很多潜在的危害。”

从追求苗条身材的欲望中获利数十亿美元

这就不难理解为什么投资者将GLP-1药物市场视为一个极具规模的市场了。摩根大通资产管理(J.P. Morgan Asset Management)的数据显示,华尔街分析师预计,未来六年内,减肥药的年收入将在330亿至1000亿美元之间。诺和诺德和礼来是生产这些药物的主要制药公司,它们的市值已经飙升,诺和诺德的市值已经超过了其总部所在国丹麦的国内生产总值。从你最好的朋友到你最喜欢的电影明星,再到埃隆·马斯克(Elon Musk),似乎每个人都在谈论利用司美格鲁肽(诺和泰和威哥维的活性成分)、替西帕肽(以Mounjaro或Zepbound的形式)或利拉鲁肽(Saxenda的活性成分)来减肥。

将这些药物作为减肥项目的一部分来兜售的初创公司正不断吸引资金。例如,Ro在2022年1月以70亿美元的估值筹集了超过1.5亿美元的资金。Calibrate已融资超过1.6亿美元。其他十几家初创公司也进入了这一领域,提供远程医疗预约和GLP-1药物处方——包括Measured、Nextmed、Mochi Health、Accomplish Health、Sunrise,以及热门的直接面向消费者的公司Hims & Hers。包括老虎环球管理基金(Tiger Global)、General Catalyst、创始人基金(Founders Fund)和银湖资本(Silver Lake Partners)在内的风投公司已向这些公司投入了数亿美元。

考虑到停药率,不难理解为什么暗示可以短期使用GLP-1药物会吸引客户。医生告诉《财富》杂志,有些患者不喜欢终生服药的想法。许多人还会出现令人不适的副作用,如恶心、严重疲劳或无法进食。在某些情况下,患者认为他们不再需要药物治疗,因为他们已经达到了自己的目标,并且觉得表现良好——摄入更少、选择更健康的食物和锻炼身体。

这些药物也很昂贵:如果没有保险,GLP-1药物月服用量的费用通常在930美元到1350美元之间,研究表明,大多数服用GLP-1药物的人至少要自己支付部分费用(如果不是全部的话),尤其是在一些保险计划在支付费用方面变得越来越严格的情况下。

24岁的营销策略师里·夏尔马(Ri Sharma)在2023年注射诺和泰后体重减轻了61磅(约合27.7公斤),她表示:“实际上,我想重新注射诺和泰,从1月份开始我就一直在尝试,但保险公司不批准任何GLP-1药物。”夏尔马在去年11月达到目标体重后就停药了,但她的食欲在2月下旬再次恢复,现在体重已经反弹了一半左右。她说:“我只是比以前摄入更多食物。”

24岁的营销策略师里·夏尔马在达到目标体重后,于2023年停止注射诺和泰。如今,针对减肥药的费用,她的保险不予报销。图片来源:COURTESY OF RI SHARMA

生产GLP-1药物的公司不遗余力地宣称,这些药物不应暂时服用。诺和诺德的一位发言人说:“肥胖症是一种慢性疾病,就像任何其他慢性疾病一样,应被当作慢性疾病来治疗。”礼来公司发言人说:"除了低热量饮食和增加体育锻炼外,我们还希望将Zepbound纳入成人肥胖症患者的疾病持续管理策略。”

美国食品药品监督管理局告诉《财富》杂志,该局对处方药的营销和分销进行监管,公司有责任不误导消费者,并在产品营销中做到诚实守信。不过,该机构拒绝对任何具体公司发表评论,也不愿透露它是否已经进行调查或发出任何警告,并指出美国食品药品监督管理局“通常不对未决或潜在的合规问题发表评论。”

‘我们希望确保口径一致’

Calibrate是首批进入这个已趋于饱和的领域的减肥公司之一。2019年,该公司由创业工作室ReDesign Health创立。Calibrate的创始人兼首任首席执行官伊莎贝尔·凯尼恩(Isabelle Kenyon)在肥胖科学领域的领军人物之一唐娜·瑞安(Donna Ryan)博士和其他顾问的帮助下,设立了为期12个月的“新陈代谢重置”项目,承诺在一年内减掉10%的体重。该项目的费用为每月199美元,不包括药物费用,其特点是提供GLP-1药物处方和每两周一次的一对一指导课程。

虽然该公司从未在减肥药逐渐减量方面做过任何广告,但在油管(YouTube)视频和博客帖子中,Calibrate将其为期一年的项目描述为一种“重置”客户新陈代谢的方式,并表示“Calibrate医生开出的GLP-1药物,是改善新陈代谢的短期用辅助药物。”Calibrate的创始人凯尼恩在2022年的一次医疗保健会议上接受采访时,在镜头前描述了Calibrate的工作方式,她说:“我们帮助人们用药,改变其行为方式,也帮助人们实现停药,总体护理费用对治疗肥胖症来说是合理的。”

Calibrate的一位女发言人声称,该公司在上市时并没有就逐渐减少药物使用正式表态。但两位熟悉该公司上市情况的人士表示,Calibrate的上市战略和对教练的指导,从一开始就围绕着短期使用GLP-1药物可能有效的理念展开。

伊莎贝尔·凯尼恩是专注于减肥的初创公司Calibrate的创始人兼首席执行官。图片来源:TAYLOR HILL—GETTY IMAGES

一位前Calibrate健康教练说:“我们希望确保口径一致:服药是暂时的,目标是逐渐减少药物的使用,而不是永久服用GLP-1药物。”她在公司工作期间曾与数百名公司客户打过交道,但她要求匿名,以便讨论前雇主。一位曾参与Calibrate最初营销策略的人士(《财富》杂志允许其匿名,因为他们仍在该领域工作,担心遭到报复)也认为,公司一直在传递这样的信息:“重置你的新陈代谢,坚持一年,然后你就可以瘦下来,重拾快乐。”凯尼恩拒绝就此发表评论。

在Calibrate成立之初,关于患者停止使用GLP-1药物后何时或能否保持减肥效果的科学研究还很少,但此后出现的大量研究表明,很少有人能在停药后保持减肥效果。Calibrate负责临床开发的副总裁克里斯汀·拜尔(Kristin Baier)博士在接受《财富》杂志采访时承认,在公司成立之初,没有任何研究表明可以短期服用这些药物。

这位前Calibrate健康教练提出了影响这家初创公司战略的另一个要素:保险公司愿意为哪些药物买单。她说,一些保险公司不愿长期为这些昂贵的药物买单,所以Calibrate的“切入角度是:我们将利用保险公司让人们实现他们需要的治疗效果,然后一旦保险不再支付,你就无法再购买这些昂贵的药物了。但这没关系,因为这些减肥公司表示人们仍能保持减肥效果。但需要注意的是,你的体重会出现一点反弹,但不会反弹很多。”

Calibrate则表示,他们以患者的利益为重,并承认,考虑到供应链短缺、保险覆盖范围限制、药物成本、副作用问题,或者患者不愿意永远服用一种药物,他们中的许多人不会终身服用减肥药。

Calibrate的发言人在一份事先准备好的声明中表示:“Calibrate并没有抛弃这些人,而是为他们提供生活方式和指导支持,帮助他们在停药后保持新陈代谢健康。我们的项目从来都不只针对药物;Calibrate一直致力于为更多人提供全面代谢健康护理的机会,并实现可持续发展。作为一家公司,我们认为重要的是要认识到GLP-1药物的使用并不总是持续的,并制定计划和方案来支持患者的整个健康旅程。”

‘来得快,去得也快’

在Calibrate上市几年后,该公司开始收集客户停药时会发生什么情况的数据。据报道,这些数据描绘了一幅患者保持减肥效果的乐观图景,但这些数据未经同行评议,而且是从109名客户的相对较小的样本中收集的,时间仅为6个半月。Calibrate拒绝向《财富》杂志分享完整的研究报告,但拜尔博士表示,在停药后的26周内,93%的患者减重保持在10%以上,82%的患者减重保持在15%以上——前提是在药物减量的同时改变饮食、运动、睡眠和情绪健康(这也是医生几十年来一直推荐的减肥方法)。

在对Calibrate首席执行官罗布·麦克诺顿(Rob MacNaughton)和拜尔博士的采访中,两人都引用了这些内部数据作为该公司模式的证据,并表示“相当一部分人”或“一些人”可以停药并保持减肥效果。拜尔博士指出,那些表明必须长期服药的大型研究是由制药商资助的。

拜尔博士在随后发出的一份书面声明中表示:“毫无疑问,有些人在持续不间断的药物支持下会取得最佳效果。但其他人也许可以通过过渡到低剂量、减少注射频率、过渡到不同的减肥药物来保持效果,或者正如我们在糖尿病和高血压等同样严重依赖药物治疗的平行领域所看到的那样,通过完全停药同时改变生活方式来保持效果。”Calibrate的顾问瑞安博士说,“我们确实需要更好的证据"来证明一些人在停止服用GLP-1药物后仍能保持减肥效果,但她认为"Calibrate所做的是与患者共同做出决策,并努力适应药物可及性不确定的环境。”

自Calibrate上市以来,由诺和泰制造商诺和诺德资助的一项规模更大、经同行评议的研究结果于2022年公布。该研究是一项试验的延伸,追踪了327人,结果显示,228名停止服用司美格鲁肽的参与者在一年内平均恢复了之前减重的三分之二。2023年,由礼来(Mounjaro和Zepbound的制造商)赞助的第二项研究发表了。这项研究回顾了783名成年人在服用替西帕肽36周后的反应,发现其中335人在停药并改用无效对照剂约一年后,体重平均恢复了14%,而另一组继续服用GLP-1药物的患者体重又减少了5.5%。

居住在马萨诸塞州的54岁律师米歇尔·伊舍伍德(Michelle Isherwood)是在社交媒体上看到Calibrate后开始参与相关项目的。她使用该平台约六个月时间,并服用GLP-1药物,在出现不良反应后停药时,她的体重减轻了约50磅(约合22.7公斤)。她认为停药并不是什么大不了的事:她想减多少就减多少,而且在她看来,公司在她服药两年期间所传达的信息表明,“除非你是糖尿病患者,否则没有必要继续服用GLP-1药物。”但伊舍伍德告诉《财富》杂志,在六到八个月的时间里,当生活中出现压力时,她又恢复了以前的行为方式,体重反弹了大约20磅(约合9公斤)——这是她以前经历过的熟悉模式。

伊舍伍德说:“我只是没有做我应该做的事情。”她说,在服药期间,“你就是不饿”。但一旦停药,她说:“我就更想吃了。”不过,在参加了两年的Calibrate减肥项目后,她对自己目前的体重状况感到满意。

米歇尔·伊舍伍德是在社交媒体上了解Calibrate后加入相关项目。她说,该公司传达的信息表明,“除非你是糖尿病患者,否则没有必要继续服用 GLP-1药物。”图片来源:COURTESY OF MICHELLE ISHERWOOD

在向美国联邦贸易委员会(Federal Trade Commission)提交并通过《信息自由法》(Freedom of Information Act Request)请求获得的关于Calibrate的匿名投诉中,一名患者写道:“我已经恢复了最初减掉的一半体重,这意味着大约六个月的努力付之东流。”另一位客户说,他们一停药体重就开始反弹,于是报名参加了Calibrate第二年的项目,重新开始服药。

其他接受《财富》杂志采访的人也表示,他们在停药后不久体重就反弹了。这些人直接从初级保健医生而不是初创公司那里获得了药物。31岁的软件工程师克劳迪娅·卡斯特罗(Claudia Castro)在注射诺和泰的头两个月里体重下降了约33磅(约合15公斤)。由于要自掏腰包和搬家,她停止了服药,结果在几个月后体重又反弹了约23磅(约合10公斤)——约为之前减掉的体重的70%。“来得快,去得也快,”她说,并指出她开始去看营养学家并锻炼身体,体重又开始下降了。

南加州大学凯克医学院(Keck Medicine of Medicine of USC)的内分泌学家艾莉莎·多明格斯(Alyssa Dominguez)博士表示:“尤其是当我们停止服用这些药物时,极其强烈的饥饿感会重新袭来,因此停药和体重反弹之间有很大的关联。”还有证据表明,减肥后,许多人的新陈代谢实际上会减慢,这使得维持或继续减重变得越来越艰难。

《华尔街日报》的编辑布拉德利·奥尔森(Bradley Olson)最近详细讲述了他在服用Mounjaro后减掉40磅(约合18公斤)体重,然后停药的经历。他把停药后的四个月称为“轮盘赌,经历了暴饮暴食、节食、锻炼,以及在意志力、自我形象和动力方面与自己进行精神和情感上的斗争。”奥尔森说,他在两个月内体重反弹了5磅(约合2.3公斤),但最终还是通过严格的减肥计划实现减重目标:每周锻炼12个小时,并摄入高蛋白饮食。

初步的或有争议的科学

到2023年5月Noom进入GLP-1药物领域时,由礼来和诺和诺德资助的研究都已发表,这些研究发现,大多数人在停药后体重都会出现大幅反弹。

尽管如此,Noom的Noom Med项目——除了药费和标准的Noom订阅费用外,每月还还需支付49美元——开始把GLP-1药物作为短期用药进行营销。该公司时任首席医疗官、现已离职的琳达·阿内加瓦(Linda Anegawa)博士在2023年10月的一次健康会议上表示,Noom估计,80%服用GLP-1药物的客户将能够“成功戒断”,即戒掉药物。(截至发稿时,Noom尚未向《财富》杂志提供数据支持这一说法。)

Noom在Reddit、Instagram和脸书上投放了广告,上面写着“不必永远服用减肥药”,“不必永远注射诺和泰”,“对于大多数患者来说,GLP-1药物不是‘永久’的解决方案。”(Noom多次拒绝了让公司人员接受采访的请求,阿内加瓦博士多次没有回应置评请求。)

今年2月,Noom的阿内加瓦博士在一场直播活动中进一步详细解释了Noom的项目是如何运作的——他说,一旦患者在服用GLP-1药物期间达到目标,“就可以开始停药过程”。与Calibrate类似,Noom也表示改变饮食和进行锻炼可以保持体重。然而,在同一段视频中,阿内加瓦博士承认,逐渐减少药物使用“正在持续研究中”,目前还没有研究表明患者何时可以停止服用GLP-1药物并成功保持减肥效果。她说:“目前确实没有任何数据表明服用GLP-1药物的时间跨度与维持体重的能力有关。”

当《财富》杂志问及有哪些研究支持短期使用GLP-1药物时,Noom、Calibrate和Embla都分享了相同的数据点和彼此的内部研究。他们认为,正如Noom的女发言人所说,“许多研究表明,停药后体重持续下降。”

然而,他们提交的研究报告凸显了这一特定领域仍处于起步阶段。今年早些时候的一项研究表明,在20274名服用司美格鲁肽至少减重5磅(约合2.3公斤)的患者中,超过一半的人在停药一年后“体重保持不变”。但这项研究并未经过同行评议,三位接受《财富》杂志采访的医生对研究方法、纳入和排除标准、其他可能未被考虑在内的药物或手术,以及参与者在服药后是否继续按计划节食和锻炼表示担忧。在这三位医生中,有一位说她对这项研究持“怀疑态度”。另一位医生则直言不讳地称之为"垃圾"。

对许多人来说,长期服用某种药物以保持减肥效果的想法令人生畏。图片来源:MALCOM JACKSON—THE WASHINGTON POST/GETTY IMAGES

这两家公司还指出,一项研究表明,运动对保持减肥效果至关重要,它们还指出了彼此公布的未经同行评议的数据——Calibrate关于109名客户的数据,以及Embla对85名GLP-1药物使用者的追踪调查,该公司称,这些患者在停药26周后体重保持"稳定"。

Embla的首席医疗官亨里克·林德尔·古德伯格森(Henrik Rindel Gudbergsen)在回应置评请求时表示:“改变生活方式与减肥药相结合似乎可以避免患者在停药后体重反弹……然而,由于这是临床医生和研究人员感兴趣的新领域,我们无法得出任何确切的结论。”

接受《财富》杂志采访的七位医生强调,这门科学还很年轻。与瑞安博士和其他许多著名的肥胖症医生一样,他们中的大多数人都曾为制药商诺和诺德和礼来提供过咨询、建议或以某种身份与之合作。但他们说,迄今为止,大部分经同行评议的研究表明,很少有人能在停止服用GLP-1药物后保持全部减肥效果。

诚然,减肥公司利用客户的欲望、恐惧和焦虑做出承诺并不是什么新鲜事。正如查斯坦所指出的,她经常看到减肥行业的公司宣传一些没有科学依据或科学依据不足的东西。她说:“那些在六年级的科学展览项目中被否决的东西被出版并投入市场。这太荒谬了。”

值得注意的是,对于一些患者来说,这些包含药物在内的减肥项目可能会很有效,甚至足以改变他们的生活,因此值得长期坚持。在成为Calibrate会员之前,伊舍伍德记得自己在体重秤上看到了一个从未见过的数字。"这是我有生以来的最高体重值。”她说,后来又补充道:“我吓坏了,于是试着恢复低碳水化合物饮食和锻炼,但并没有奏效。”

伊舍伍德说,除了一些小插曲,比如公司客服反应缓慢、难以联系到医生或教练等,她在 Calibrate 的经历都是积极愉快的,这也是她两年来一直是Calibrate客户的原因。毕竟,她成功瘦身了。

对于减肥行业的观察人士来说,这是一个熟悉的故事

Calibrate和Noom为停止使用减肥药的客户提供的解决方案听起来可能很简单,也很熟悉:饮食、运动、睡眠、情绪健康。但数十年的数据显示,对许多美国人来说,改变生活方式说起来容易做起来难——而且起初,往往是因为饮食和运动对人们不起作用,他们才决定服用 GLP-1 药物。

佛蒙特大学(University of Vermont)医学教授马修·吉尔伯特(Matthew Gilbert)博士说:“几十年来,我们一直在谈论改变生活方式、饮食和锻炼,但并没有看到这些干预措施确实像我们希望的那样奏效,对吧?美国人的体重仍在持续增加。”

减肥的愿望可能不仅仅是为了健康。正如倡导组织National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance的执行主任提格斯·奥斯本(Tigress Osborn)在接受《财富》杂志采访时解释的那样,“作为一名肥胖症患者——尤其体重极其高的人——在这个世界上很难生存。通过减肥来摆脱这一切的幻想确实很强大。减肥这一理念确实很强大,而且有利可图,所以它会被一次又一次地用来激励人们。”

通过减肥项目、饮食或药物实现快速减肥的承诺曾让许多人赚得盆满钵满。这是一段不光彩的历史:20世纪90年代中期,一种将芬氟拉明和芬特明合二为一的药物,即芬芬,在一项针对121名患者的单一研究显示其对减肥有效之后大受欢迎。在其巅峰时期,超过600万美国人服用这种药物,医生们的整个诊疗过程都围绕着它——直到发现它增加了心脏瓣膜缺陷的发病率,被美国食品药品监督管理局要求撤出市场。这家制药商最终同意支付37.5亿美元达成和解,这在当时是产品责任案件中最大的赔偿金额之一。《纽约时报》宣称,这一事件是“我们这个时代的道德故事”。

奥斯本说,围绕着 GLP-1药物的热潮与芬芬的热潮惊人地相似。她说:“如果你上了年纪,作为节食者、肥胖症患者、观察相关态势的社会学家,而且还曾参与节食文化……那么你更可能会对这一现象持怀疑态度。”

需要明确的是:目前还没有证据表明 GLP-1药物会导致严重健康问题(尽管一些研究将一些死亡事故与使用 GLP-1药物后出现的低血糖或胰腺炎或肠梗阻风险上升联系起来)。但在这样一个全新的研究领域,这些减肥初创公司的客户基本上都是测试对象,查斯坦说: “消费者面临的危险是,基于没有科学依据的说法——没有证据的说法——他们要承担风险和昂贵的药物。”

初创公司的存在本质上就是为了解决问题。而GLP-1药物行业,由于其高昂的价格和周期性短缺,存在着许多问题。美国肥胖症医学委员会(American Board of Obesity Medicine)前医学主任、减肥初创公司Found的首席医疗官雷卡·库马尔(Rekha Kumar)博士说,这些公司必须考虑的一大重要问题是,到底是科学还是规模化在推动其商业战略发展。Found很少开GLP-1药物处方,并警告说,这种药物必须长期服用。

她说:“围绕正确的临床策略建立健康的业务,而不是反其道而行之,这一点非常重要。公司不能说:‘哦,我知道这样做我们就能实现盈利。因此,让我们围绕这一问题制定临床策略……我认为这是重大错误。”

随着越来越多的患者停止服用减肥药,所有这些初创公司的前景如何还有待观察。克利夫兰诊所(Cleveland Clinic)的数字肥胖症主任佩明达·卡班杜加马(Peminda Cabandugama)博士对那些去他所谓的“Instagram诊所”寻求减肥药的人(没有将减肥药与持续的饮食和运动相结合)做出了预测——这对整个行业来说可能是可怕的。他告诉《财富》杂志:“2025年左右,将会有很多人体重反弹。”

有一些迹象表明,减肥公司已经开始为这种可能性做准备:最近几周,Noom在Instagram上发布了新一轮广告,其中很多都去掉了“短期”字样。(财富中文网)

译者:中慧言-王芳

“不必永远注射司美格鲁肽注射液诺和泰。”

如果你在谷歌上搜索过如何减肥,或者读过好莱坞最新的灵丹妙药司美格鲁肽注射液诺和泰(Ozempic),你的社交媒体就可能会出现这句话。这则粉色广告是估值37亿美元的减肥初创公司Noom近几个月在Reddit、Instagram 和脸书(Facebook)上发布的宣传活动的一部分,广告显示该药物的蓝色注射笔在一条不超过一年的时间轴下方来回移动。

这则广告所承诺的正是价值900亿美元的美国减肥产业的“圣杯”,是美国人(尤其是美国女性)几代以来一直都在寻找并愿意为之付出高昂代价的良方,从而带来无后顾之忧的全新苗条身材。实现快速减肥,然后回到你熟悉的生活,外表看起来更瘦,更健康,也更快乐。毋庸置疑,自从包括司美格鲁肽注射液诺和泰、威哥维(Wegovy)和Zepbound(Tirzepatide,替西帕肽)在内的新型GLP-1抑制食欲药物进入公众视野以来,近10亿美元的风投资金已注入这一日益壮大的减肥公司领域,根据皮特齐布克公司(Pitchbook)过去一年半的数据,目前该领域已充斥着开具此类药物处方的初创公司。

诚然,这些药物的减肥效果似乎惊人,改变了许多肥胖症患者的生活。但是,一些开具这些药物处方的初创公司所承诺的第二部分——“无需一直服药”的那部分,或者说这些药物可以“重置”你的新陈代谢的概念——则更有争议。制药商诺和诺德(Novo Nordisk)和礼来(Eli Lilly)已经非常明确地表示,这些药物需要长期使用,就像治疗高血压的药物一样,不应短期服用。

事实上,接受《财富》杂志采访的七位医生表示,迄今为止大量医学试验表明,一般来说,停止服用药物的人会在一年左右的时间内恢复减掉的大部分体重。《财富》杂志还采访了五位停止服用GLP-1药物的人,他们都表示,在停止服用药物后,体重开始反弹,对食物的渴望也恢复了。

安吉拉·费奇(Angela Fitch)博士说:“根本不存在所谓的‘新陈代谢重置’。”她是初级保健和肥胖药物提供商Knownwell的首席医疗官,也是肥胖症医学协会(Obesity Medicine Association)的前任主席。布列根和妇女医院(Brigham and Women’s Hospital)体重管理与健康中心的联合主任卡洛琳·阿波维安(Caroline Apovian)博士对此表示赞同:“研究一次又一次地表明,如果停止服药,你的体重就会反弹回来。”

Noom并不是唯一一家将GLP-1药物作为具有长期疗效的短期用药进行营销的初创公司。Calibrate从2020年开始开具减肥药,作为减肥项目的一部分,该公司在显眼位置将这些药物描述为“改善代谢的短期用辅助药物”。在丹麦,一家由风投资金支持的初创公司Embla在其网站上表示,它提供GLP-1药物的“目的很明确,即在您达到目标体重后,健康地过渡到停药期。”(其他公司,包括减肥巨头WeightWatchers和Ro等新近成立的公司,也开始涉足GLP-1药物,不过它们在宣传中都明确表示,这些药物需要长期服用。)

Noom的一位女发言人将这一问题部分归结为客户需求:当被问及该公司将司美格鲁肽注射液诺和泰作为一种在有限时间内服用的药物进行营销时,她强调,大多数患者并不希望永远服用这种药物,并指出,研究显示,“68%的人在第12个月停止服用GLP-1药物,这表明许多人不愿意永远服用这种药物。这一点再怎么强调都不为过。”

虽然市场上用于治疗2型糖尿病的GLP-1药物已有数十年历史,但直到最近,部分药物才被调整,并被美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)批准用于减肥治疗,因此对这些药物及其长期副作用和风险的研究仍处于起步阶段。人们在停用GLP-1药物后能否保持减肥效果仍在持续研究中:科学还远没有定论。

Noom、Calibrate和Embla都表示,有初步数据支持它们的观点,即许多人在停药后可以通过运动和饮食保持减肥效果(尽管《财富》杂志采访的一些医生对这些研究持怀疑态度)。有趣的是,也有一些人通过坚持严格的饮食和锻炼计划成功做到了这一点。

但很显然,并不是每个人都能坚持如此高强度的训练计划,这正是减肥药要解决的部分问题。研究人员雷根·查斯坦(Ragen Chastain)表示,由于服用或停用这类新型药物对健康的长期影响的确切数据如此之少,减肥公司提出的可以短期服用这些药物的建议令人担忧。雷根·查斯坦是通过职业验证的患者权益倡导者,也是一篇探讨体重科学的通讯的作者。“他们是根据短期数据做出长期承诺。”她说,并指出即使是这些数据“实际上也不一定能支持他们的说法。”

就目前而言,药物辅助减肥产业仍处于淘金热时期——有些患者一生都在与体重作斗争,但却无法通过节食或运动来减肥——如今在服用药物的同时实现减肥目标。

但正如Noom指出的那样,似乎大多数服用这些新药的人,不管是否使用减肥公司的处方,最终都会停药,无论是因为费用、药物短缺、副作用,还是因为厌恶长期服药。根据最近的一项保险理赔分析,三分之二的患者在开始服药一年内停药。

这些放弃服药的人能否保持体重,或者像许多其他曾快速减肥的人一样,体重出现“溜溜球”式地反弹?在未来的几个月甚至几年里,这可能会成为一个越来越紧迫的问题。但这种不确定性并没有阻止一些公司向客户保证,他们可以随意服用或停药。

查斯坦指出,竞争激烈的创业世界对新药推广来说是个不同寻常的地方,因为风险投资人施加了扩大规模的压力。她说:“那种‘快速行动、打破陈规’的文化一旦应用到人身上,人就变成了‘事物’,这真的很危险。”她后来补充道:“当创业文化与医疗保健碰撞时,就会产生很多潜在的危害。”

从追求苗条身材的欲望中获利数十亿美元

这就不难理解为什么投资者将GLP-1药物市场视为一个极具规模的市场了。摩根大通资产管理(J.P. Morgan Asset Management)的数据显示,华尔街分析师预计,未来六年内,减肥药的年收入将在330亿至1000亿美元之间。诺和诺德和礼来是生产这些药物的主要制药公司,它们的市值已经飙升,诺和诺德的市值已经超过了其总部所在国丹麦的国内生产总值。从你最好的朋友到你最喜欢的电影明星,再到埃隆·马斯克(Elon Musk),似乎每个人都在谈论利用司美格鲁肽(诺和泰和威哥维的活性成分)、替西帕肽(以Mounjaro或Zepbound的形式)或利拉鲁肽(Saxenda的活性成分)来减肥。

将这些药物作为减肥项目的一部分来兜售的初创公司正不断吸引资金。例如,Ro在2022年1月以70亿美元的估值筹集了超过1.5亿美元的资金。Calibrate已融资超过1.6亿美元。其他十几家初创公司也进入了这一领域,提供远程医疗预约和GLP-1药物处方——包括Measured、Nextmed、Mochi Health、Accomplish Health、Sunrise,以及热门的直接面向消费者的公司Hims & Hers。包括老虎环球管理基金(Tiger Global)、General Catalyst、创始人基金(Founders Fund)和银湖资本(Silver Lake Partners)在内的风投公司已向这些公司投入了数亿美元。

考虑到停药率,不难理解为什么暗示可以短期使用GLP-1药物会吸引客户。医生告诉《财富》杂志,有些患者不喜欢终生服药的想法。许多人还会出现令人不适的副作用,如恶心、严重疲劳或无法进食。在某些情况下,患者认为他们不再需要药物治疗,因为他们已经达到了自己的目标,并且觉得表现良好——摄入更少、选择更健康的食物和锻炼身体。

这些药物也很昂贵:如果没有保险,GLP-1药物月服用量的费用通常在930美元到1350美元之间,研究表明,大多数服用GLP-1药物的人至少要自己支付部分费用(如果不是全部的话),尤其是在一些保险计划在支付费用方面变得越来越严格的情况下。

24岁的营销策略师里·夏尔马(Ri Sharma)在2023年注射诺和泰后体重减轻了61磅(约合27.7公斤),她表示:“实际上,我想重新注射诺和泰,从1月份开始我就一直在尝试,但保险公司不批准任何GLP-1药物。”夏尔马在去年11月达到目标体重后就停药了,但她的食欲在2月下旬再次恢复,现在体重已经反弹了一半左右。她说:“我只是比以前摄入更多食物。”

生产GLP-1药物的公司不遗余力地宣称,这些药物不应暂时服用。诺和诺德的一位发言人说:“肥胖症是一种慢性疾病,就像任何其他慢性疾病一样,应被当作慢性疾病来治疗。”礼来公司发言人说:"除了低热量饮食和增加体育锻炼外,我们还希望将Zepbound纳入成人肥胖症患者的疾病持续管理策略。”

美国食品药品监督管理局告诉《财富》杂志,该局对处方药的营销和分销进行监管,公司有责任不误导消费者,并在产品营销中做到诚实守信。不过,该机构拒绝对任何具体公司发表评论,也不愿透露它是否已经进行调查或发出任何警告,并指出美国食品药品监督管理局“通常不对未决或潜在的合规问题发表评论。”

‘我们希望确保口径一致’

Calibrate是首批进入这个已趋于饱和的领域的减肥公司之一。2019年,该公司由创业工作室ReDesign Health创立。Calibrate的创始人兼首任首席执行官伊莎贝尔·凯尼恩(Isabelle Kenyon)在肥胖科学领域的领军人物之一唐娜·瑞安(Donna Ryan)博士和其他顾问的帮助下,设立了为期12个月的“新陈代谢重置”项目,承诺在一年内减掉10%的体重。该项目的费用为每月199美元,不包括药物费用,其特点是提供GLP-1药物处方和每两周一次的一对一指导课程。

虽然该公司从未在减肥药逐渐减量方面做过任何广告,但在油管(YouTube)视频和博客帖子中,Calibrate将其为期一年的项目描述为一种“重置”客户新陈代谢的方式,并表示“Calibrate医生开出的GLP-1药物,是改善新陈代谢的短期用辅助药物。”Calibrate的创始人凯尼恩在2022年的一次医疗保健会议上接受采访时,在镜头前描述了Calibrate的工作方式,她说:“我们帮助人们用药,改变其行为方式,也帮助人们实现停药,总体护理费用对治疗肥胖症来说是合理的。”

Calibrate的一位女发言人声称,该公司在上市时并没有就逐渐减少药物使用正式表态。但两位熟悉该公司上市情况的人士表示,Calibrate的上市战略和对教练的指导,从一开始就围绕着短期使用GLP-1药物可能有效的理念展开。

一位前Calibrate健康教练说:“我们希望确保口径一致:服药是暂时的,目标是逐渐减少药物的使用,而不是永久服用GLP-1药物。”她在公司工作期间曾与数百名公司客户打过交道,但她要求匿名,以便讨论前雇主。一位曾参与Calibrate最初营销策略的人士(《财富》杂志允许其匿名,因为他们仍在该领域工作,担心遭到报复)也认为,公司一直在传递这样的信息:“重置你的新陈代谢,坚持一年,然后你就可以瘦下来,重拾快乐。”凯尼恩拒绝就此发表评论。

在Calibrate成立之初,关于患者停止使用GLP-1药物后何时或能否保持减肥效果的科学研究还很少,但此后出现的大量研究表明,很少有人能在停药后保持减肥效果。Calibrate负责临床开发的副总裁克里斯汀·拜尔(Kristin Baier)博士在接受《财富》杂志采访时承认,在公司成立之初,没有任何研究表明可以短期服用这些药物。

这位前Calibrate健康教练提出了影响这家初创公司战略的另一个要素:保险公司愿意为哪些药物买单。她说,一些保险公司不愿长期为这些昂贵的药物买单,所以Calibrate的“切入角度是:我们将利用保险公司让人们实现他们需要的治疗效果,然后一旦保险不再支付,你就无法再购买这些昂贵的药物了。但这没关系,因为这些减肥公司表示人们仍能保持减肥效果。但需要注意的是,你的体重会出现一点反弹,但不会反弹很多。”

Calibrate则表示,他们以患者的利益为重,并承认,考虑到供应链短缺、保险覆盖范围限制、药物成本、副作用问题,或者患者不愿意永远服用一种药物,他们中的许多人不会终身服用减肥药。

Calibrate的发言人在一份事先准备好的声明中表示:“Calibrate并没有抛弃这些人,而是为他们提供生活方式和指导支持,帮助他们在停药后保持新陈代谢健康。我们的项目从来都不只针对药物;Calibrate一直致力于为更多人提供全面代谢健康护理的机会,并实现可持续发展。作为一家公司,我们认为重要的是要认识到GLP-1药物的使用并不总是持续的,并制定计划和方案来支持患者的整个健康旅程。”

‘来得快,去得也快’

在Calibrate上市几年后,该公司开始收集客户停药时会发生什么情况的数据。据报道,这些数据描绘了一幅患者保持减肥效果的乐观图景,但这些数据未经同行评议,而且是从109名客户的相对较小的样本中收集的,时间仅为6个半月。Calibrate拒绝向《财富》杂志分享完整的研究报告,但拜尔博士表示,在停药后的26周内,93%的患者减重保持在10%以上,82%的患者减重保持在15%以上——前提是在药物减量的同时改变饮食、运动、睡眠和情绪健康(这也是医生几十年来一直推荐的减肥方法)。

在对Calibrate首席执行官罗布·麦克诺顿(Rob MacNaughton)和拜尔博士的采访中,两人都引用了这些内部数据作为该公司模式的证据,并表示“相当一部分人”或“一些人”可以停药并保持减肥效果。拜尔博士指出,那些表明必须长期服药的大型研究是由制药商资助的。

拜尔博士在随后发出的一份书面声明中表示:“毫无疑问,有些人在持续不间断的药物支持下会取得最佳效果。但其他人也许可以通过过渡到低剂量、减少注射频率、过渡到不同的减肥药物来保持效果,或者正如我们在糖尿病和高血压等同样严重依赖药物治疗的平行领域所看到的那样,通过完全停药同时改变生活方式来保持效果。”Calibrate的顾问瑞安博士说,“我们确实需要更好的证据"来证明一些人在停止服用GLP-1药物后仍能保持减肥效果,但她认为"Calibrate所做的是与患者共同做出决策,并努力适应药物可及性不确定的环境。”

自Calibrate上市以来,由诺和泰制造商诺和诺德资助的一项规模更大、经同行评议的研究结果于2022年公布。该研究是一项试验的延伸,追踪了327人,结果显示,228名停止服用司美格鲁肽的参与者在一年内平均恢复了之前减重的三分之二。2023年,由礼来(Mounjaro和Zepbound的制造商)赞助的第二项研究发表了。这项研究回顾了783名成年人在服用替西帕肽36周后的反应,发现其中335人在停药并改用无效对照剂约一年后,体重平均恢复了14%,而另一组继续服用GLP-1药物的患者体重又减少了5.5%。

居住在马萨诸塞州的54岁律师米歇尔·伊舍伍德(Michelle Isherwood)是在社交媒体上看到Calibrate后开始参与相关项目的。她使用该平台约六个月时间,并服用GLP-1药物,在出现不良反应后停药时,她的体重减轻了约50磅(约合22.7公斤)。她认为停药并不是什么大不了的事:她想减多少就减多少,而且在她看来,公司在她服药两年期间所传达的信息表明,“除非你是糖尿病患者,否则没有必要继续服用GLP-1药物。”但伊舍伍德告诉《财富》杂志,在六到八个月的时间里,当生活中出现压力时,她又恢复了以前的行为方式,体重反弹了大约20磅(约合9公斤)——这是她以前经历过的熟悉模式。

伊舍伍德说:“我只是没有做我应该做的事情。”她说,在服药期间,“你就是不饿”。但一旦停药,她说:“我就更想吃了。”不过,在参加了两年的Calibrate减肥项目后,她对自己目前的体重状况感到满意。

在向美国联邦贸易委员会(Federal Trade Commission)提交并通过《信息自由法》(Freedom of Information Act Request)请求获得的关于Calibrate的匿名投诉中,一名患者写道:“我已经恢复了最初减掉的一半体重,这意味着大约六个月的努力付之东流。”另一位客户说,他们一停药体重就开始反弹,于是报名参加了Calibrate第二年的项目,重新开始服药。

其他接受《财富》杂志采访的人也表示,他们在停药后不久体重就反弹了。这些人直接从初级保健医生而不是初创公司那里获得了药物。31岁的软件工程师克劳迪娅·卡斯特罗(Claudia Castro)在注射诺和泰的头两个月里体重下降了约33磅(约合15公斤)。由于要自掏腰包和搬家,她停止了服药,结果在几个月后体重又反弹了约23磅(约合10公斤)——约为之前减掉的体重的70%。“来得快,去得也快,”她说,并指出她开始去看营养学家并锻炼身体,体重又开始下降了。

南加州大学凯克医学院(Keck Medicine of Medicine of USC)的内分泌学家艾莉莎·多明格斯(Alyssa Dominguez)博士表示:“尤其是当我们停止服用这些药物时,极其强烈的饥饿感会重新袭来,因此停药和体重反弹之间有很大的关联。”还有证据表明,减肥后,许多人的新陈代谢实际上会减慢,这使得维持或继续减重变得越来越艰难。

《华尔街日报》的编辑布拉德利·奥尔森(Bradley Olson)最近详细讲述了他在服用Mounjaro后减掉40磅(约合18公斤)体重,然后停药的经历。他把停药后的四个月称为“轮盘赌,经历了暴饮暴食、节食、锻炼,以及在意志力、自我形象和动力方面与自己进行精神和情感上的斗争。”奥尔森说,他在两个月内体重反弹了5磅(约合2.3公斤),但最终还是通过严格的减肥计划实现减重目标:每周锻炼12个小时,并摄入高蛋白饮食。

初步的或有争议的科学

到2023年5月Noom进入GLP-1药物领域时,由礼来和诺和诺德资助的研究都已发表,这些研究发现,大多数人在停药后体重都会出现大幅反弹。

尽管如此,Noom的Noom Med项目——除了药费和标准的Noom订阅费用外,每月还还需支付49美元——开始把GLP-1药物作为短期用药进行营销。该公司时任首席医疗官、现已离职的琳达·阿内加瓦(Linda Anegawa)博士在2023年10月的一次健康会议上表示,Noom估计,80%服用GLP-1药物的客户将能够“成功戒断”,即戒掉药物。(截至发稿时,Noom尚未向《财富》杂志提供数据支持这一说法。)

Noom在Reddit、Instagram和脸书上投放了广告,上面写着“不必永远服用减肥药”,“不必永远注射诺和泰”,“对于大多数患者来说,GLP-1药物不是‘永久’的解决方案。”(Noom多次拒绝了让公司人员接受采访的请求,阿内加瓦博士多次没有回应置评请求。)

今年2月,Noom的阿内加瓦博士在一场直播活动中进一步详细解释了Noom的项目是如何运作的——他说,一旦患者在服用GLP-1药物期间达到目标,“就可以开始停药过程”。与Calibrate类似,Noom也表示改变饮食和进行锻炼可以保持体重。然而,在同一段视频中,阿内加瓦博士承认,逐渐减少药物使用“正在持续研究中”,目前还没有研究表明患者何时可以停止服用GLP-1药物并成功保持减肥效果。她说:“目前确实没有任何数据表明服用GLP-1药物的时间跨度与维持体重的能力有关。”

当《财富》杂志问及有哪些研究支持短期使用GLP-1药物时,Noom、Calibrate和Embla都分享了相同的数据点和彼此的内部研究。他们认为,正如Noom的女发言人所说,“许多研究表明,停药后体重持续下降。”

然而,他们提交的研究报告凸显了这一特定领域仍处于起步阶段。今年早些时候的一项研究表明,在20274名服用司美格鲁肽至少减重5磅(约合2.3公斤)的患者中,超过一半的人在停药一年后“体重保持不变”。但这项研究并未经过同行评议,三位接受《财富》杂志采访的医生对研究方法、纳入和排除标准、其他可能未被考虑在内的药物或手术,以及参与者在服药后是否继续按计划节食和锻炼表示担忧。在这三位医生中,有一位说她对这项研究持“怀疑态度”。另一位医生则直言不讳地称之为"垃圾"。

这两家公司还指出,一项研究表明,运动对保持减肥效果至关重要,它们还指出了彼此公布的未经同行评议的数据——Calibrate关于109名客户的数据,以及Embla对85名GLP-1药物使用者的追踪调查,该公司称,这些患者在停药26周后体重保持"稳定"。

Embla的首席医疗官亨里克·林德尔·古德伯格森(Henrik Rindel Gudbergsen)在回应置评请求时表示:“改变生活方式与减肥药相结合似乎可以避免患者在停药后体重反弹……然而,由于这是临床医生和研究人员感兴趣的新领域,我们无法得出任何确切的结论。”

接受《财富》杂志采访的七位医生强调,这门科学还很年轻。与瑞安博士和其他许多著名的肥胖症医生一样,他们中的大多数人都曾为制药商诺和诺德和礼来提供过咨询、建议或以某种身份与之合作。但他们说,迄今为止,大部分经同行评议的研究表明,很少有人能在停止服用GLP-1药物后保持全部减肥效果。

诚然,减肥公司利用客户的欲望、恐惧和焦虑做出承诺并不是什么新鲜事。正如查斯坦所指出的,她经常看到减肥行业的公司宣传一些没有科学依据或科学依据不足的东西。她说:“那些在六年级的科学展览项目中被否决的东西被出版并投入市场。这太荒谬了。”

值得注意的是,对于一些患者来说,这些包含药物在内的减肥项目可能会很有效,甚至足以改变他们的生活,因此值得长期坚持。在成为Calibrate会员之前,伊舍伍德记得自己在体重秤上看到了一个从未见过的数字。"这是我有生以来的最高体重值。”她说,后来又补充道:“我吓坏了,于是试着恢复低碳水化合物饮食和锻炼,但并没有奏效。”

伊舍伍德说,除了一些小插曲,比如公司客服反应缓慢、难以联系到医生或教练等,她在 Calibrate 的经历都是积极愉快的,这也是她两年来一直是Calibrate客户的原因。毕竟,她成功瘦身了。

对于减肥行业的观察人士来说,这是一个熟悉的故事

Calibrate和Noom为停止使用减肥药的客户提供的解决方案听起来可能很简单,也很熟悉:饮食、运动、睡眠、情绪健康。但数十年的数据显示,对许多美国人来说,改变生活方式说起来容易做起来难——而且起初,往往是因为饮食和运动对人们不起作用,他们才决定服用 GLP-1 药物。

佛蒙特大学(University of Vermont)医学教授马修·吉尔伯特(Matthew Gilbert)博士说:“几十年来,我们一直在谈论改变生活方式、饮食和锻炼,但并没有看到这些干预措施确实像我们希望的那样奏效,对吧?美国人的体重仍在持续增加。”

减肥的愿望可能不仅仅是为了健康。正如倡导组织National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance的执行主任提格斯·奥斯本(Tigress Osborn)在接受《财富》杂志采访时解释的那样,“作为一名肥胖症患者——尤其体重极其高的人——在这个世界上很难生存。通过减肥来摆脱这一切的幻想确实很强大。减肥这一理念确实很强大,而且有利可图,所以它会被一次又一次地用来激励人们。”

通过减肥项目、饮食或药物实现快速减肥的承诺曾让许多人赚得盆满钵满。这是一段不光彩的历史:20世纪90年代中期,一种将芬氟拉明和芬特明合二为一的药物,即芬芬,在一项针对121名患者的单一研究显示其对减肥有效之后大受欢迎。在其巅峰时期,超过600万美国人服用这种药物,医生们的整个诊疗过程都围绕着它——直到发现它增加了心脏瓣膜缺陷的发病率,被美国食品药品监督管理局要求撤出市场。这家制药商最终同意支付37.5亿美元达成和解,这在当时是产品责任案件中最大的赔偿金额之一。《纽约时报》宣称,这一事件是“我们这个时代的道德故事”。

奥斯本说,围绕着 GLP-1药物的热潮与芬芬的热潮惊人地相似。她说:“如果你上了年纪,作为节食者、肥胖症患者、观察相关态势的社会学家,而且还曾参与节食文化……那么你更可能会对这一现象持怀疑态度。”

需要明确的是:目前还没有证据表明 GLP-1药物会导致严重健康问题(尽管一些研究将一些死亡事故与使用 GLP-1药物后出现的低血糖或胰腺炎或肠梗阻风险上升联系起来)。但在这样一个全新的研究领域,这些减肥初创公司的客户基本上都是测试对象,查斯坦说: “消费者面临的危险是,基于没有科学依据的说法——没有证据的说法——他们要承担风险和昂贵的药物。”

初创公司的存在本质上就是为了解决问题。而GLP-1药物行业,由于其高昂的价格和周期性短缺,存在着许多问题。美国肥胖症医学委员会(American Board of Obesity Medicine)前医学主任、减肥初创公司Found的首席医疗官雷卡·库马尔(Rekha Kumar)博士说,这些公司必须考虑的一大重要问题是,到底是科学还是规模化在推动其商业战略发展。Found很少开GLP-1药物处方,并警告说,这种药物必须长期服用。

她说:“围绕正确的临床策略建立健康的业务,而不是反其道而行之,这一点非常重要。公司不能说:‘哦,我知道这样做我们就能实现盈利。因此,让我们围绕这一问题制定临床策略……我认为这是重大错误。”

随着越来越多的患者停止服用减肥药,所有这些初创公司的前景如何还有待观察。克利夫兰诊所(Cleveland Clinic)的数字肥胖症主任佩明达·卡班杜加马(Peminda Cabandugama)博士对那些去他所谓的“Instagram诊所”寻求减肥药的人(没有将减肥药与持续的饮食和运动相结合)做出了预测——这对整个行业来说可能是可怕的。他告诉《财富》杂志:“2025年左右,将会有很多人体重反弹。”

有一些迹象表明,减肥公司已经开始为这种可能性做准备:最近几周,Noom在Instagram上发布了新一轮广告,其中很多都去掉了“短期”字样。(财富中文网)

译者:中慧言-王芳

“Ozempic doesn’t have to be forever.”

It’s a line that may appear on your social media feeds if you’ve googled how to lose weight, or read up on Hollywood’s latest miracle drug: Ozempic. The pink ad, posted as part of a campaign on Reddit, Instagram, and Facebook in recent months by the $3.7 billion weight-loss startup Noom, shows the drug’s blue syringe pen moving back and forth below a timeline that doesn’t extend beyond a year.

What the ad promises is nothing short of the Holy Grail of the $90 billion U.S. diet industry, the cure that Americans, especially American women, have sought for generations and are willing to pay dearly for: a new, more slender you, hassle-free. Quick weight loss, then a return to your familiar life—thinner, healthier, and happier. It’s no wonder that, since this new class of appetite-curbing GLP-1 medications, including Ozempic, Wegovy, and Zepbound, burst into public consciousness, nearly $1 billion of venture capital dollars have been injected into the growing sector of weight-loss companies, which is now awash with startups prescribing the drugs, according to PitchBook data from the last year and a half.

It’s true that these medicines appear to be startlingly effective for weight loss, a game changer for many people with obesity. But the second part of what some startups prescribing these medications promise—the “doesn’t have to be forever” part, or the notion that these drugs can “reset” your metabolism—is far more contentious. As the drug manufacturers Novo Nordisk and Eli Lilly have made exceedingly clear, these medicines are intended as long-term commitments, like medication for high blood pressure. They are not meant to be taken temporarily.

Indeed, seven doctors who spoke with Fortune say the preponderance of medical trials so far show that generally, people who stop taking the drugs regain most of the weight they’ve lost within about a year. Fortune also spoke with five people who had stopped taking GLP-1 medications—all of whom said they started regaining the weight they had lost when they stopped taking the medications and their food cravings returned.

“There is no such thing as a ‘metabolic reset,’” says Dr. Angela Fitch, chief medical officer of Knownwell, a primary care and obesity medicine provider, and past president of the Obesity Medicine Association. Dr. Caroline Apovian, the co-director of the Center for Weight Management and Wellness at Brigham and Women’s Hospital, agrees: “The studies show over and over and over again,” Apovian says, that if you stop taking the medications, “you will regain the weight back.”

Noom isn’t the only startup to market GLP-1s as temporary treatments that offer long-term effects. Calibrate, which began prescribing anti-obesity medications in 2020 as part of a weight loss program, prominently describes the drugs as a “temporary aid to improve your metabolic health.” In Denmark, a venture-backed startup, Embla, says on its website that it offers GLP-1s “always with the clear aim of a healthy transition off medication once you’ve reached your goals.” (Other companies, including the weight-loss giant WeightWatchers and more recent incumbents such as Ro, have begun dabbling in GLP-1 medications, too, though they are clear in their messaging that these drugs are meant to be taken long-term.)

A spokeswoman for Noom frames the issue as partly one of customer demand: When asked about the company’s marketing of Ozempic as a drug to take for a limited time, she emphasized that most patients don’t want to stay on the medications forever, noting that research showing that “68% of people stop taking the GLP-1 by month 12 suggests a reticence to a forever medication by many. It would be difficult to stress this point enough.”

While GLP-1 medications have been on the market to treat type 2 diabetes for decades, it is only recently that some have been adapted, and approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), as a treatment for weight loss—so the research on these drugs, and their long-term side effects and risks, is still nascent. And the question of whether people can maintain weight loss after going off GLP-1 medications is an ongoing area of study: The science is far from settled.

Noom, Calibrate, and Embla say there is preliminary data to support their contention that many people can maintain weight loss through exercise and diet after stopping the medications (though some of the doctors Fortune spoke with were skeptical of those studies). Anecdotally, there are examples of people who have managed to do so by sticking to strict diets and exercise regimens.

But it’s clear that not everyone can maintain such an intensive regimen—that’s part of the problem the weight-loss drugs are meant to solve. And with so little definitive data on the long-term health effects of taking—or stopping—this new class of drugs, weight-loss companies’ suggestion that the drugs can be taken temporarily is worrying, says Ragen Chastain, a researcher, board-certified patient advocate, and author of a newsletter that explores weight science. “They are making long-term promises based on short-term data,” she says, pointing out that even that data “still doesn’t necessarily actually support the claims that they’re making.”

For now, the medication-aided weight loss industry is still in its gold rush era, and patients—some of whom have struggled for their whole lives with their weight and haven’t been able to lose it with diet or exercise—are dropping pounds while taking the drugs.

But as Noom points out, it appears that most people taking these new medications, whether or not they use a weight-loss company to prescribe them, are eventually going off their medications, whether it’s because of the expense, shortages, side effects, or an aversion to the idea of staying on a medicine perpetually. Two-thirds of patients stopped taking the drugs within a year of starting them, according to one recent analysis of insurance claims.

Will these weight-loss drug quitters be able to keep the weight off, or yo-yo back, as with many other crash diets that have come before? That’s likely to become an increasingly urgent question in the months and years ahead. But that uncertainty hasn’t stopped some companies from reassuring customers that they can take, and stop, the drugs at will.

The competitive startup world can be a strange place for a new medication to proliferate, Chastain points out, because of the pressure from venture capital investors to scale. “That culture of ‘move fast and break things’—when applied to people, and people become the ‘thing’—is really dangerous,” she says, adding later: “There is a lot of potential for harm to be done here when startup culture meets health care.”

Billions to be made off the desire to be slender

It’s not hard to understand why investors see the GLP-1 market as one prime for scale. Wall Street analysts expect between $33 billion and $100 billion in annual revenue from anti-obesity medications in the next six years, according to J.P. Morgan Asset Management. Novo Nordisk and Eli Lilly, the primary pharmaceutical companies making the medications, have skyrocketed in market value, and Novo Nordisk’s has superseded the gross domestic product of the country where it’s based, Denmark. Everyone from your best friend to your favorite movie star to Elon Musk seems to be talking about slimming down with semaglutide, the active ingredient in both Ozempic and Wegovy; tirzepatide, in the form of Mounjaro or Zepbound; or liraglutide, in Saxenda.

And startups that peddle these medications as part of a weight-loss program are reeling in capital. Ro, for example, raised more than $150 million in January 2022 at a $7 billion valuation. Calibrate has raised over $160 million. A dozen or so other startups have entered the space, offering telemedicine appointments and GLP-1 prescriptions—including Measured, Nextmed, Mochi Health, Accomplish Health, Sunrise, and the buzzy direct-to-consumer company Hims & Hers. Venture capital firms including Tiger Global, General Catalyst, Founders Fund, and Silver Lake Partners have poured hundreds of millions into these companies.

It’s easy to see why messaging suggesting that short-term use of GLP-1s is possible would appeal to customers, given the cessation rates. Doctors tell Fortune that some patients don’t like the idea of having to take a drug for the rest of their lives. And many experience uncomfortable side effects—nausea, serious fatigue, or not being able to keep food down. In some cases, people don’t think they need the medication any longer because they have met their goals and feel they’re doing well—eating less, choosing healthier options, and exercising.

The drugs are also expensive: GLP-1 medications typically cost between $930 and $1,350 a month without insurance, and research shows the majority of people on them are paying at least part of that cost, if not all, themselves, particularly as some insurance plans are becoming stricter when it comes to what they’ll pay for.

“I actually wanted to go back on [Ozempic], and I’ve been trying since January, but my insurance won’t approve any GLP-1s,” says Ri Sharma, a 24-year-old marketing strategist who lost 61 pounds while taking Ozempic in 2023. Sharma went off the drug after reaching her goal weight in November last year, but her appetite resurfaced in late February, and she has regained about half of it back. “I’m just eating a lot more than I used to,” she says.

The companies that manufacture GLP-1s have gone to lengths to assert that these medicines are not meant to be taken only temporarily. “Obesity is a chronic disease and, just like any other chronic disease, it should be treated as such,” a spokesperson for Novo Nordisk said. An Eli Lilly spokesperson said: “We expect Zepbound to be used as part of an ongoing disease management strategy for adults with obesity, in addition to a reduced-calorie diet and increased physical activity.”

The FDA told Fortune that it regulates the marketing and distribution of prescription drugs, and that companies are responsible for not misleading customers and being truthful in their product marketing, but the agency declined to comment on any specific companies and whether it had investigated or issued any warnings, noting that the FDA “generally does not comment on pending or potential compliance matters.”

‘We wanted to make sure that we stayed on message’

Calibrate was one of the first weight-loss companies to enter what has become a saturated space. In 2019, the company was launched from the startup studio ReDesign Health. Calibrate’s founder and first chief executive, Isabelle Kenyon, with the help of Dr. Donna Ryan, one of the leading names in obesity science, and other advisors, fashioned a 12-month “metabolic reset” program, which promises 10% loss of body weight in a year. It costs $199 per month, not including the cost of medications, and features GLP-1 prescriptions and one-on-one biweekly coaching sessions.

While the company has never run any advertising around tapering off weight loss drugs, in a YouTube video and blog posts, Calibrate describes its one-year program as a way to “reset” customers’ metabolism and says that “Calibrate doctors prescribe the GLP-1 medication as a temporary aid to improve metabolic health.” We “help people get on the medication, help people change their behavior, help people get off the medication, at a total cost of care that makes sense for treating obesity,” Calibrate’s founder, Kenyon, said on camera in an interview at a health care conference in 2022, describing how Calibrate worked.

A Calibrate spokeswoman asserted that the company didn’t launch with a formal position around tapering off the medications. But two people familiar with the company’s launch said that Calibrate’s go-to-market strategy and guidance to its coaches, from the beginning, was framed around the idea that GLP-1s could be effective when taken temporarily.

“We wanted to make sure that we stayed on message: This was a temporary thing and the goal is to taper off the drugs and [not to] stay on GLP-1s permanently,” says a former Calibrate health coach, who worked with several hundred of the company’s customers during her time at the company, but asked for anonymity in order to discuss her former employer. A person who worked on Calibrate’s initial marketing strategy, who Fortune granted anonymity because they still work in the field and feared retaliation, agreed that was always the message: “Reset your metabolism, do this for a year, and then off you go—skinny and happy.” Kenyon declined to comment on the record.

At the time Calibrate was founded, there was little existing science on when, or whether, patients could keep the weight off after they stopped using GLP-1s—but the preponderance of research that has emerged since then suggests that few can maintain their weight loss once they stop using the drugs. Dr. Kristin Baier, Calibrate’s vice president of clinical development, acknowledged in an interview with Fortune that there was no research indicating these medications could be temporary at the company’s conception.

The former Calibrate health coach suggested another factor in the startup’s strategy: what insurance companies were willing to pay for. Some insurance companies are balking at paying for these expensive drugs long-term, she said, so at Calibrate “their angle is: We are going to utilize the insurance companies to get people where they need to be, and then once the insurance no longer covers it, you don’t really get this expensive medication anymore,” they said. “But that’s okay, because they’re saying that they should still be able to maintain that weight loss. With the caveat that you’ll gain a little bit back but not a huge amount.”

For its part, Calibrate says it has the interests of its patients at heart, and that it’s acknowledging the fact that many of them are not going to stay on weight-loss drugs for life, given supply-chain shortages, insurance coverage limits, medication costs, issues with side effects, or them not wanting to stay on a medication forever.

“Instead of abandoning those individuals, Calibrate provides them with lifestyle and coaching support to help them sustain metabolic health after medication,” a spokesperson said in a prepared statement. “Our program has never been about the medications alone; Calibrate has always aimed to sustainably increase access to holistic metabolic health care. As a company, we believe it’s important to acknowledge that GLP-1 use is not always continuous and create the programs and protocols to support patients across their entire health journey.”

‘Everything that comes fast, goes fast’

A few years after Calibrate’s launch, the company itself began collecting data on what happens when customers stop taking the medications. This data reportedly paints an upbeat picture about patients maintaining weight loss—but it is not peer-reviewed and was collected from a relatively small sample size of 109 customers over just six and a half months. Calibrate declined to share the complete study with Fortune, but Dr. Baier said 93% of these patients maintained a loss of more than 10% of their body weight for 26 weeks after they stopped using the medication and 82% sustained more than 15%—so long as the tapering was paired with changes in diet, exercise, sleep, and emotional health (the same kind of thing doctors have been recommending for weight loss for decades).

In interviews with Calibrate’s chief executive Rob MacNaughton and Dr. Baier, both cited this internal data as evidence for the company’s model and said that a “material number” or “some people” can get off the medications and maintain weight loss—and Dr. Baier pointed out that the larger studies suggesting that the drugs have to be taken long-term are being funded by the drug manufacturers.

“There is no question that some individuals will do best with ongoing uninterrupted medication support,” Dr. Baier said in a written statement sent later. “But others may be able to maintain results by transitioning to a low-maintenance dose, by spacing out the injection frequency, by transitioning to a different anti-obesity medication, or—as we’ve seen in parallel spaces like diabetes and high blood pressure that also rely heavily on medication—by discontinuing medication altogether while leaning into lifestyle changes.” Calibrate advisor Dr. Ryan said that “we do need better evidence” around whether some individuals can maintain weight loss after coming off GLP-1s, but she thinks what “Calibrate is doing is sharing the decision-making with the patient and trying to adapt to the environment where drugs may not always be available.”

Since Calibrate has come onto the market, results were published from a much larger, peer-reviewed study funded by the Ozempic manufacturer Novo Nordisk in 2022. The study, which was a trial extension and tracked 327 people, showed that the 228 participants who stopped taking semaglutide regained a mean of two-thirds of their prior weight loss within a year. In 2023, a second piece of research sponsored by Eli Lilly (maker of Mounjaro and Zepbound) was published. This study, which reviewed how 783 adults responded when taking tirzepatide for 36 weeks, found that a subgroup of 335 who were taken off the drugs and switched to a placebo for about a year regained an average of 14% of their total body weight, while another group who continued to take GLP-1 medications lost another 5.5%.

Michelle Isherwood, a 54-year-old attorney living in Massachusetts, started using Calibrate after seeing it on her social media feed. She used the platform for approximately six months, taking GLP-1 medications, and had lost about 50 pounds by the time she stopped taking them after a bad reaction. She didn’t think quitting the drugs would be that big of a deal: She had lost as much as she wanted to, and in her mind, the company’s messaging throughout her two years had suggested that, “unless you were a diabetic, there was no need to stay on the GLP-1.” But Isherwood told Fortune that within six to eight months, she gained back about 20 pounds as she reverted to old behaviors when stressors arose in her life—a familiar pattern that she’d experienced before.

“I just wasn’t doing what I was supposed to be doing,” Isherwood said. While taking the drugs, she said, “you’re just not hungry.” But once she stopped taking the medicine, she said, “I have more cravings.” Still, she’s happy with where she’s at now with her weight, after two years of Calibrate’s program.

In anonymous complaints about Calibrate filed with the Federal Trade Commission and obtained via a Freedom of Information Act Request, one patient wrote: “I have regained half of what I originally lost, a setback representing about six months of work.” Another customer said they started gaining weight back as soon as they stopped the medication cold turkey, so they got back on the medication by signing up for Calibrate’s second-year program.

Others who spoke with Fortune, who got drugs directly from their primary care physicians rather than a startup, also said they regained weight shortly after stopping the medication. Claudia Castro, a 31-year-old software engineer, lost about 33 pounds during the first two months she was taking Ozempic. She stopped taking it because she was paying out of pocket and because of a move, and within a couple of months had put back on about 23 pounds—about 70% of the weight she had lost. “Everything that comes fast, goes fast,” she says, noting that she started seeing a nutritionist and working out, and has since been able to start losing the weight again.

“When we stop these medications, especially, the hunger comes back very strongly, so there is a large association between stopping the medication and having that weight regain,” says Dr. Alyssa Dominguez, an endocrinologist at Keck Medicine of USC. There’s also evidence that after weight loss, many people’s metabolisms actually slow down—making it progressively harder to maintain or continue shedding pounds.

An editor for the Wall Street Journal, Bradley Olson, recently detailed his experience after he lost 40 pounds while taking Mounjaro, then stopped taking the medication. He called the four months after going off medication “a roulette wheel of binges, diets, exercise regimens and mental and emotional battles with myself over will power, self-image and motivation.” Olson said he gained back five pounds within two months, but was eventually able to lose it by imposing a strict regime: 12 hours of exercise a week and an extremely high-protein diet.

Science that’s preliminary or disputed

By the time Noom entered the GLP-1 business in May 2023, both the Eli Lilly– and Novo Nordisk–funded studies, which found that most gain back much of the weight they lost after going off the drugs, had been published.

Still, Noom’s Noom Med program—which costs $49 per month in addition to the price of medications and the standard Noom subscription—would begin marketing GLP-1 medications as temporary. The company’s then chief medical officer, Dr. Linda Anegawa, who has since left the company, said on stage at a health conference in October of 2023 that Noom estimated 80% of its users who were prescribed GLP-1s would be able to “successfully off-ramp,” or wean themselves off the medications. (At the time of publication, Noom had not yet provided Fortune with data to support this.)

Noom has run advertisements on Reddit, Instagram, and Facebook that read “weight loss meds don’t need to be forever,” “Ozempic doesn’t need to be forever,” and “for a majority of patients, GLP-1s are not a ‘forever’ solution.” (Noom declined several requests to make people at the company available for an interview, and Dr. Anegawa did not respond to multiple requests for comment.)

In February, Noom’s Dr. Anegawa in a live-streamed event explained in further detail how Noom’s program works—saying once a patient hits their goal while on GLP-1 medications, the “off-ramping process can begin.” Similar to Calibrate, Noom says that changes in diet and exercise will keep weight off. However in that same video, Dr. Anegawa acknowledges that tapering off of medication is “under active study” and there isn’t research available to show when a person can get off a GLP-1 and successfully maintain weight loss. “There really [isn’t] any data out there that specifically link the time spent on GLP-1s on the ability to maintain the weight,” she said.

When asked by Fortune what research supported the temporary usage of GLP-1s, Noom, Calibrate, and Embla all shared the same data points and one another’s internal research. They argued that, as the Noom spokeswoman put it, a “number of studies have demonstrated sustained weight loss post medication removal.”

The research they sent, however, underscores how nascent this particular area still is. One study from earlier this year says more than half of 20,274 patients who lost at least five pounds on semaglutide were “around the same weight” one year after coming off the medication. But the study is not peer-reviewed, and three doctors who spoke with Fortune raised concerns about it being unclear on its methods, inclusion and exclusion criteria, other medications or surgeries that may not be accounted for, and whether participants continued a planned diet and exercise regimen post-medication. Of those three doctors, one said she’d take the study with a “large grain of salt.” Another plainly called it “garbage.”

The companies also pointed to a study showing the importance of exercise in maintaining weight loss, and to data published by one another that has not been peer-reviewed—the Calibrate data on 109 customers, and Embla’s tracking of 85 of its GLP-1 users, who it said had maintained a “stable” body weight for 26 weeks after going off the medication.

In response to a request for comment, Embla’s chief medical officer, Henrik Rindel Gudbergsen, said that “lifestyle changes in combination with weight loss medication seems to allow patients to avoid regaining weight after coming off medication… However, as this is a new area of interest for clinicians and researchers, we cannot make any firm conclusion.”

The seven doctors who spoke with Fortune (most of whom, like Dr. Ryan and many other prominent obesity doctors, have consulted, advised, or worked with the drug manufacturers Novo Nordisk and Eli Lilly in some capacity) emphasized that the science is still young. But they said that the bulk of the peer-reviewed research to date shows that few people can maintain all of their weight loss after coming off GLP-1 medications.

Diet companies making promises that play on customers’ desires, fears, and anxieties is nothing new, of course. As Chastain pointed out, she often sees companies in the weight loss industry promote things that are either not based in science, or not based in enough science. “Stuff that would be rejected at a sixth-grade science fair project gets published and put in marketing,” she said. “It’s pretty ridiculous.”

And it’s worth noting that for some patients, these weight-loss programs that include drugs can be powerful—even life-changing enough that they might be worth committing to long-term. Before becoming a member of Calibrate, Isherwood remembers seeing a number on the scale that she’d never seen before. “It was the highest I’ve ever been,” she said, later adding: “I was freaking out, so I tried going back to kind of eating low-carb and exercising; it just wasn’t working.”

Apart from some hiccups, such as slow responses from the company’s customer service and difficulty reaching doctors or coaches, Isherwood says, her experiences with Calibrate were positive and pleasant, and that’s why she remained a customer for two years. After all, she lost weight.

A familiar story for observers of the diet industry

The solution that both Calibrate and Noom suggest for customers who stop using weight-loss drugs might sound simple, and familiar: diet, exercise, sleep, emotional health. But decades of data show these lifestyle changes are far easier said than done for many Americans—and it’s often because diet and exercise aren’t working for people that they decide to go on GLP-1 medications in the first place.

“We’ve been talking about lifestyle modification and diet and exercise for decades and decades, and we haven’t seen that be really as effective of an intervention as we would have liked, right?” Dr. Matthew Gilbert, a professor of medicine at the University of Vermont, says. “Americans keep continuing to gain weight.”

The desire to lose weight may not just be about health. As Tigress Osborn, executive director of the advocacy organization the National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance, explains, it’s “harder to be in the world as a fat person—especially as a very fat person,” she tells Fortune. “The fantasy of just being able to escape all that by losing weight is really powerful. It’s really powerful, and it’s lucrative—and so it’s going to be used over and over and over again to motivate people.”

The promise of a quick fix, via a weight loss program, diet, or drug has made many fortunes. And it’s a history with its share of ignominy: In the mid-1990s, a drug that combined fenfluramine and phentermine, known as fen-phen, exploded in popularity after a single, 121-patient study showed it was effective for weight loss. At its peak, more than 6 million Americans were on it, and doctors centered entire practices around it—until it emerged that it was increasing the incidents of heart valve defects, and the FDA requested it be pulled from the market. The drugmaker eventually agreed to a $3.75 billion settlement, at the time one of the largest ever payouts in a product liability case. The episode was, the New York Times proclaimed, “a morality tale for our times.”

The excitement around GLP-1s feels eerily similar to the fen-phen craze, says Osborn. “If you’re of a certain vintage, and you were in diet culture as a dieter, as a fat person, as a sociologist observing these things…then you might be a little more skeptical of this one,” she says.

To be clear: No evidence has emerged of GLP-1s causing health problems on a large scale (though some studies have linked a few fatalities to hypoglycemia that emerged after using GLP-1s or an increased risk of pancreatitis or bowel obstruction). But in such a new field of research, customers of these weight-loss startups are essentially test subjects, says Chastain: “The danger to consumers is that they take on risk and expensive medication based on a claim that is not scientifically based—that’s not evidence-based.”

Startups, by nature, exist to fix problems. And the GLP-1 industry, with its steep price tags and periodic shortages, has a number of them. But an important question these companies must reckon with is whether it is science or scale that is driving their business strategy, says Dr. Rekha Kumar, the former medical director of the American Board of Obesity Medicine and the chief medical officer at a weight-loss startup, Found (which prescribes GLP-1s sparingly and with the caveat that they are to be taken long-term).

“It’s really important to try to build a healthy business around the right clinical strategy, and not the opposite,” she says. “Not for a company to say: ‘Oh, this is how I know we’re going to make money. So let’s build a clinical strategy around that’… I think that’s a big mistake.”

It remains to be seen how all these startups will fare as more and more patients quit their weight-loss medications. Dr. Peminda Cabandugama, the director of digital obesity at Cleveland Clinic, issued a prediction about those who go to what he called “Instagram clinics” for their weight-loss drugs and fail to pair them with an ongoing regime of diet and exercise—one that could be dire for the industry. “Around 2025,” he told Fortune, “there’s going to be a lot of people regaining their weight.”

And there are some clues that weight-loss companies are starting to prepare for that eventuality: In recent weeks, Noom has released a new round of Instagram advertisements—many of them with the “temporary” language taken out.

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